Fmla Persuasive Speech Essay Example for Free

Fmla Persuasive Speech Essay Theory: American families will profit by Family Security Insurance. Articulation OF SIGNIFICANCE: If your like me, youre getting a higher education to furnish your self with a salary, yet in addition to take care your relatives in their critical crossroads. Proclamation OF CREDIBILITY: I have found through investigating work and family in the United States, that we as a nation are making a lackluster display supporting guardians, and I have discovered an arrangement that I accept would help. Review OF MAIN POINTS: First, well inspect why working families need a superior security net today than working families have before, second, well investigate how current laws are not getting along enough to shield families from difficulty in the present workforce, lastly, surely know how a humble proposition will have an emotional effect for the lives of American families. BODY I. Working families need a superior security net in todays workforce. A. The issue is that todays work environments have not found cultural changes. 1.The work-life balance is getting progressively harder for ladies in light of the fact that the current monetary circumstance requires two workers. 2.Bankruptcy master Elizabeth Warren expressed that two-salaries are expected to get by for white collar class families in a 2006 article for the Social Science Research Council. B. This issue has the results that more youngsters and ladies living in destitution. Elizabeth Warrens 2003 book The Two-Income Trap, she expresses that having a kid is presently the absolute best indicator that a lady will wind up in money related breakdown. The US Census Bureaus 2011 information appear among ladies who head families, 4 out of 10 lived in neediness (up from 38.5 percent in 2009). The kid neediness rate, effectively high at 20.7 percent in 2009, bounced to 22.0 percent a year ago. The greater part o f poor youngsters lived in female-headed families in 2010. C. This issue began when medical coverage, white collar class expenses and lodging costs encountered a sharp increment, yet earnings stay level. 1. Warren shows that there is a mystery, since families make more, yet have more cash yet less pay to spare. 2.The expansion knock in pay has put families in a higher expense section giving them another money related weight. The expense of youngster care is another budgetary weight. D. This issue has the biggest effect on white collar class and poor families. 1.Joan C. Williams writes in her 2010 book Reshaping the Work Family Debate that many single parents are one wiped out kid away from being terminated. 2. Elizabeth Warren calls attention to that now, more kids will live through their folks insolvency than their folks separate. Change: Now that I have given you that working families need a superior security net, let me explain why todays working environments is setting families in an unstable position. II. Working families are going to work environments where the present laws dont do what's needed, manages still speak to the obsolete society of the 1960s. A. The present law, Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) doesnt go far enough. 1. Under the present Family and Medical Leave Act, guardians are just offered legitimate security from getting terminated for disappearing from nonappearance to think about infant or wiped out relatives. 2. As indicated by a 2010 report from Georgetown University Law Center and the University of California Berkeley, the FMLA securities arrive at just a large portion of the workforce since it prohibits private companies. 3. The FMLA gives insurance to laborers to take just unpaid leave, which numerous specialists can't manage. B. Few are pushing for changes in FMLA, so working moms regularly quit their occupations when they have an infant or there is a family emergency, which is making America fall behind in the worldwide commercial center. 1. As indicated by Edward E Gordans 2009 book Winning the Global Talent Showdown an absence of family well disposed working environments is causing a rush of new moms out the workplace entryway. 2. Gordon infers that Americas failure to hold capable ladies is making America less serious in a worldwide economy. C. Working families today are as yet working under working environment standards from the 1960s. 1. Joan C Williams noticed that in the 1960, just 10 percent of moms worked and just 10 percent of couples separated. 2. Today, 70 percent of American kids live family units where the two guardians work and 40 percent of couples separate. 3. Today, numerous families will wind up in financial ruin if just a single life partner works. Progress: Finally, since the work environment standards and current laws have not made up for lost time to our evolving society, lets take a gander at an arrangement that could give some help to families. III. Working families would profit incredibly from Family Security Insurance (F.S.I.) strategy activity co-wrote by analysts at Georgetown University Law Center and the University of California at Berkeley in 2010. A. Family Security Insurance would give paid leave to the two people for wellbeing and care-giving reasons. The arrangement could be actualized by the State or Federal Governments The strategy would pay an administrative the lowest pay permitted by law for as long as 18 weeks. a. This compensation is available, b. We could likewise give child reward (appox. $5000.) to guardians who dont withdraw to counterbalance the expense of youngster care. c. This approach has just been executed in Australia in 2010. B. Lew Daily of Newsweek, Aug third, 2009 distributed 2007 examination from McGill University found that out 173 America is â€Å"among the worst† for supporting families. 1.We remained with just Liberia, Swaziland, and Papua New Guinea as the main nations giving no paid maternity leave. 2. Of all the affluent nations, barring our own, folks are qualified for as long as 47 weeks of maternity leave. 3. Australias 2011 Paid Leave Scheme is the most unobtrusive; least expensive of every single industrialized country family leave acts. C. Some would contend that executing a more extensive family leave act would hurt organizations. 1. A more extensive family leave act will prompt better business result. 2. It would hold gifted laborers who have families. Taken care of time for wiped out representatives would help in full recuperation causing less ceaseless conditions setting aside organizations cash on medicinal services. 4 Recent exploration at Georgetown University Law Center and U of C Berkeley discovered guardians getting paid leave to think about another brought into the world returned to work a short time later and were progressively gainful in general. D. Instructions to assist Washington With expressing lead the path with Family Security Insurance. 1. Compose your congresswoman, Jaime Herrera Beutler, communicating your anxiety for the groups of Washingtons third locale. 2. Bring issues to light by conversing with your loved ones. 3. Call your folks and state thank you for whatever decisions they have made to get you here. End Audit OF MAIN POINTS: Today, we have first inspected why working families need a superior wellbeing net in the present work environment, second we have taken a gander at how the present laws are not getting along enough to shield families in 2012 from money related difficulty , lastly we see how an unassuming proposition could go far toward making American families increasingly secure.

The Four Essential Elements of Teams Free Essays

In this period of quickly evolving innovation, advertise driven dynamic, client advancement, and representative anxiety, pioneers and directors are confronted with new difficulties. Associations must form new structures and ace new aptitudes so as to contend and endure. As work settings become progressively unpredictable and include expanded quantities of relational collaborations, singular exertion has less effect. We will compose a custom paper test on The Four Essential Elements of Teams or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now So as to build proficiency and adequacy, a collective endeavor is required. The production of groups has become a key system in numerous associations. Group building is a basic component in supporting and improving the viability of little gatherings and teams and should be a key piece of a complete program of authoritative change. Hellriegel, Slocum, Woodman (1986) express that group building is utilized to improve the viability of work bunches by concentrating on any of the accompanying four purposes: defining objectives and needs, settling on implies a strategies, inspecting the manner by which the gathering works, and investigating the nature of working connections. A cycle at that point creates; it starts with the mindfulness or view of an issue and is followed successively by information assortment, information sharing analysis, activity arranging, activity execution, and social assessment. This style is rehashed as new issues are recognized. Not all work bunches are groups. Reilly and Jones (1974) list four fundamental components of groups: objectives, association, duty, and responsibility. The individuals must have shared objectives or motivation to cooperate; there must be a reliant working relationship; people must be focused on the collective endeavor; and the gathering must be responsible to a more elevated level inside the association. A genuine model is an athletic group, whose individuals share objectives and a general reason. Singular players have explicit assignments they are answerable for, however each relies upon the other colleagues to finish their assignments. Absence of duty to the collaboration lessens by and large adequacy. At long last, the group as a rule works inside the system of a higher association such an alliance. The general goal of a work group is to practice command over authoritative change (practically, this includes expanded dynamic and critical thinking endeavors), albeit a symptom might be to build the profitability of individual individuals. An essential goal of group building is to expand attention to amass process. Basically, the gathering individuals will figure out how to control change remotely by testing inside. The group building exertion will focus on obstructions to compelling working and the choice of methodologies to defeat these hindrances. Authoritative disappointments frequently are not an aftereffect of poor administration but rather of poor followership. Barely any preparation programs instruct how to be a compelling individual from a vote based gathering. A colleague is one of a gathering of common supporters. Perception of people working inside groups prompts the accompanying rundown of attributes of an impact colleague. Such an individual: Comprehends and is resolved to aggregate objectives; Is cordial, concerned, and keen on others; Recognizes and goes up against strife transparently; Tunes in to others with comprehension; Remembers others for the dynamic procedure; Perceives and regards singular contrasts; Contributes thoughts and arrangements; Qualities the thoughts and commitments of others; Perceives and rewards collaborations; and Supports and acknowledges remarks about group execution. These attributes are in consecutive example, exchanging errand and relationship practices. This example of practices is the beginning stage for the improvement of successful group building. Group Building is an arranged change mediation that centers around the elements of a team†s working. The reason for group building is to improve the team†s ability to adjust, permit individuals to work at their most beneficial creative levels, and to accomplish the groups objectives. In creating groups there are four unique stages that must be completely practiced so as to arrive at its strategic accomplishing higher caliber in the working environment. These phases in succession are: Forming, Storming, Norming, and Performing. The initial three phases of group improvement must be finished so as to accomplish stage four. In each phase there are unmistakable practices, emotions and questions which colleagues can understanding. In stage one, Forming, individual relations are exceptional by quality. Colleagues rely upon obliging and imitated conduct and seek the group head for stance and direction. The conjoint or common emotions that are utilized in shaping are: Energy, hope, and formally dressed confidence. Glad to be chosen as being a piece of the group. Demonstrating restrictive connection to the group. Having questions, concerns and vulnerability about the activity or the undertaking ahead. The colleagues likewise have questions and comments that they hope to be replied by group engineers, they are: â€Å"Who are for the most part these people?† â€Å"Everyone is by and large so polite.† â€Å"This may be somewhat exciting.† A powerful and productive conduct is normal from the group chief. A pioneer should address all the inquiries the colleagues have. A pioneer ought to likewise manage them through each progression and check the normal need of every part. A group will be framed effectively. The entirety of the groups thoughts and objectives will have a constructive outcome in the association. The subsequent stage, Norming, is portrayed by attachment inside the group. Colleagues perceive each other†s positions and benefits and are eager to change their assumptions to accomplish basic assent. The regular sentiments that are utilized in Norming are: Colleagues can impart without fearing reprisal. Colleagues acknowledge their enrollment to the group. Feeling solace that specific things will go the manner in which they were arranged. Colleagues are more amicable and they share all the more noteworthy emotions with one another. The inquiries and remarks that are expressed in Norming are: â€Å"How are we going to coexist with each other?† â€Å"What are the guidelines of membership?† â€Å"Seems like we are all on a similar track finally.† â€Å"We appear to be working increasingly brought together, and we attempt to keep away from strife, when possible.† In Norming, the colleagues at long last put the dread of disappointment behind them. They are happy to turn out to be any contention that may happen. Positive and negative input turns out to be all the more tolerating inside the group. As criticism increment, individuals have a superior comprehension of where they stand and become increasingly engaged with dynamic. Step by step instructions to refer to The Four Essential Elements of Teams, Essay models

Legal Environment of the Vietnam Markets

Legal Environment of the Vietnam Markets Socio-Cultural and Political-Legal Environment of the Vietnam Markets Home›Research Posts›Socio-Cultural and Political-Legal Environment of the Vietnam Markets Research PostsMethodology:This report is a product of an ambitious research done on various business information databases and thorough consultation with different research agencies. Business databases have the latest news on what is happening on the ground in all parts of the world as far as businesses and business opportunities are concerned. Research firms also came in handy because they have archived materials that were also relevant in this research.Introduction:Opportunities and risks, from time immemorial have     been chief considerations before coming up with any viable investment venture, any where in the world. Vietnam form   a   historical view   point has   been   a country which   presents abundant business   opportunities for investors despite   the existing   socio-cultural and political legal environments . This report will therefore form an important and valuable reference point for those willing to come up with viable business opportunities and investment ventures in Vietnam.Business Opportunities in VietnamVietnam presents abundant business opportunities for the products of ‘Read the World’. This is particularly true because, from time immemorial, the   country has been   faced and still   continue to   be faced   by a   perennial shortage of   trees which has eventually dwindled forest resources as a result of serious logging , a situation that has been   compounded   by a variety   of   challenges, including but   not limited to, illegitimate cutting down of trees under the guise   of using them for even   more   beneficial purposes.Its pulp and paper industries have seriously been reeling under the lack of raw materials. The herculean yet recommendable efforts of the country’s authorities in control     and management especially in the forestry sector directed at fighting illegitimate logging of trees have been futile because of the social character of the Vietnamese, which has made many of them to be able to only see their present benefits at the expense of the ensuing ramifications.Other authorized agencies have also not been instrumental at directing their efforts towards the same.   Vietnam’s sactions and punishments on illegal loggers have also been weak. In the midst of all these is a golden business opportunity, a ready and available market for the products of ‘Read the World’ in Vietnam’s retail outlets.Majority of the Vietnamese are also educated and will definitely make use of the products. Moreover, the price index of the consumers have also been rapidly on the increase   since   2010 when the government   came up with a   raft of measures which   were directed at stemming down   the rate of inflation and the implementation and innovation of strategies   to develop medium and   small-size of business enterprises. (Hoboken, 2010, p 336)The Vietnam government has also approved electronic tax services which are expected to modernize the services. This will enable the country develop a lot of consistency and in the same breathe, ensure there is transparency in managing its taxes.( James, 1997, p.37)This will stem down the ever-rising tide of corruption among the Vietnamese especially in the line of collection and processing of taxes. This was after having realized it had delayed in the development of strategies that are geared towards adoption of e-commerce.This   is also expected   to strengthen   the legalities and the   modalities   related to administration and line it   with the   expectations of internationally recognized standards   and   also offer attractive services to   the tax paying bodies, all of   which will work   to the advantage of   ‘Read the   World’.Vietnam’s economic foundations and how it offers this investmentOvertime, Vietnam has been placing a lot of emphasis on its slow integrati on in trade, mainly within a global scale and cultivation of a political climate that would culminate into an attractive system for investment by other world countries. (Charles,1988,   p.79)The country has also been on the frontline towards the realization of a rapid transformation into an economy that is more oriented towards the marketing sector. The country is currently working on a reform package that has brought on board and hankered into partial and     private ownership of enterprises that were previously owned by the state and ambitious strategies that are geared towards liberalizing the existing trade regime. (Harrison, 1997, p. 56)In the last few years, Vietnam has been grappling with a global environment which from the   economic perspective has come   with its own challenges   but has   registered   an   annual   economic   growth   rate of approximated   to be about 7 % during   the last   5 years. (Jin, 2005, p. 91)Just like   in   youth-dominated markets like Brazil, Mexico, India, South Africa Philippines among others, the younger population of   the Vietnam have   increasingly   been equipped with new ideas, ways   and modalities of   engaging customers, coming up with fresh   and   workable solutions to problems   associated with   the   aged, and   also initiating   new models of organization. This, to larger extent is shaping the future of Vietnam.The economy of Vietnam is one that is still transitional. The Vietnamese government, has therefore been highly encouraging and supporting a Micro entrepreneurship culture of initiating small business enterprises among the people so as to stabilize the economy.This would place the products of ‘Read the World’ on a more competitive edge in the retail outlets. Moreover, since the late 20th century, Vietnam and Cambodia     have jointly been trying to open up their transitional economies to global trade and investment opportunities. This has seen them achieve good results, which has continually p laced them in a well established position in the war towards the reclamation of the economy of the world.Threats to business opportunities in VietnamThreats to businesses in Vietnam can be grouped as state and non-state     threats. The threats include but are not only limited to:Corruption: Corruption can be defined as that which is done with an aforethought of getting some self motivated benefits which are not in line with the rights and the entitlements of other people. (Dick, 2010, p.442)Dynamics in the political, commercial and legal sectors have watered the tree of corruption in Vietnam. (Tim Lindsey and Howard Dick, 1948, p 68)Corruption is alive and kicking, both at the higher and at the cadres of the Vietnamese government.   This is doing more harm than good. This ahs caused disparity in     its economy and d the aid given to the government has often been misplaced. (Bird, 2003)The sitting government has been     involved in many scandalous deals which have always raised ey ebrows     among the court of public opinion.   It is a vice that the government has given only paper solutions.   Corruption in Vietnam is said to permeate every economic sector and the government has dismally failed in the war against it. (Caleb, 2010, p.123)Government regulations are also     very stringent to the extent that the people are forced to grease the palms of those in charge.Over the years, access to decent and afford able housing in Vietnam continue to be a problem. This has culminated into a situation where the rental rates for the existing few decent offices have flared up.(Battler, 1989, p.234)Real estate agents and companies have however popped up in Vietnam and this has greatly improved access to decent housing and office rental units. (John, 1967,p.24)As a   result of   the same,   rental rates   have also been   able to stabilise and the   supply and   demand forces can now   positively interact. On the contrary, the demand for business offices has not been adm irable. (Charles, 1988, p.121)The country has also not been very instrumental at removing the existing    red-tape or the bureaucratic bottlenecks.   All these can impact negatively on the operations of ‘Read the World’.   Currently, there are so many administrative procedures which the country has promised to reduce. (Sue, 1997, p.101)This can     slow down the processing of the legal requirements before ‘Read the World’ can begin selling its products to the Vietnam people. These have seriously dented the local climate for investment.( Bird, 2003, p334)As a result of run-away corruption and thuggery in government, regulations are still not very transparent. The government systems have terribly failed.   Invoices are also printed according to the regulations of the governments own hedonistic pursuits. (Manuel, 1994).The rights of the investors have also not been properly hankered and enforced.   This has therefore attracted very little in     terms of investment in the coun try. (Jonan, 1999,   p84)The pervading political climate and corruption has worked to the disadvantage of investors.( Benedict, FW Davies,1960, p.223).This can also to some extent work against the establishment of this viable business opportunity. Investors are also highly taxed and this has discouraged many potential investors.(Hook,1999, p.48)Vietnam,   being a third   world   country which   is   still   grappling with putting itself on the right   economic footing is mainly   composed of people who are   still not skilled in any   area. Very few people are skilled in one way or the other. (Camnont Walter, 1999, p. 345)Overdependence on rice cultivation for commercial and subsistence purposes leaves very few to other jobs.( Geoffrey, 1986,   p.79)As a result, the products of ‘Read the World’ may not be given priority in the scale of preference of the Vietnamese.ConclusionThe decision to sell the products of ‘Read the World’ in Vietnam would be the most prudent of all de cisions. Despite the inherent risks and threats, ‘Read the World’ would reap more from the sale of its products.RecommendationsAmbitious advertising should be carried out in the internet and other forms of media to inform the Vietnamese people on     the same.Increasing diplomatic   relations with   Vietnam

Professions in Mandarin Chinese Vocabulary

The New Fuss About Unique Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

The New Fuss About Unique Compare and Contrast Essay Topics Unique Compare and Contrast Essay Topics and Unique Compare and Contrast Essay Topics - The Perfect Combination If necessary, you could always turn to professionals to supply you with a nudge or assist you with your topics or sources. It is possible to also order a fully written compare and contrast essay and alleviate the quantity of work you need to do. It is preferable to choose up-to-date sources. After you have collected the information, you must think through the structure of your essay and make the very first draft. Compare and contrast essay is widely utilised in many different types of writing assignments. To compose a high-quality paper, you've got to understand how to pick your topic properly and utilize it to create a practical outline. Excellent paper demands reliable sources. Every familiar paper has an identical structure. You should research your topic to select three claims. Finding the topic wrong can destroy your effort and time. Prewriting In the prewriting phase, you want to brainstorm about this issue and the most important idea. If you select a difficult essay topic for a specific reason, or when you have zero choice and thegiven topic doesn't interest you much, do take the aid of Professional Advisers. Choosing Unique Compare and Contrast Essay Topics The type of compare and contrast essay topic you select should always depict your degree of learning. As there is greater population in the city and there may be many more diversities, including the religion, the backgro und and the belief and so forth. Otherwise, you should look at a number of the easy compare and contrast essay topics on the many scientific innovations. If you are making your own essay topic, then there should be an obvious foundation for comparison and the comparison should make logical sense. Using Unique Compare and Contrast Essay Topics When you have identified the 2 subjects, decide which similarity and difference to concentrate on. In the conclusion, it's important to recap all the essential points. In a lot of sections of text's primary body you are going to demonstrate different contrast or compare points. Keep a look out in case it will become available again! Assignment writing can be rather an intimidating undertaking for many. If you wish to see more topics, be certain to look at My Homework Done. Students will locate some great points and ideas essential for the maturation of a superior school or college comparative essay. The Hidden Truth About Unique Comp are and Contrast Essay Topics Choice of the essay topic is important portion of your efforts to compose a great essay. If you would like to deepen in the essay topic, you can choose a few other sources with detailed info on your essay topic. A number of the essay topics below may appear to contain subjects that don't have anything in common. It's possible for you to use any as the subject of your essay particularly whenever you're not assigned any specific theme. Once you have selected a topic, you will start writing your essay. If making your essay creative, you are definitely going to get the maximum grade. My essay would grow to be a completely different beast. If so, you're in for writing a very good essay. Characteristics of Unique Compare and Contrast Essay Topics Understand another manner of life is not too straightforward and you may want to get started learning some knowledge of various categories. For example an individual may select a topic like, life in the shoes of a werewolf. Traveling after fifty years may provide some new beautiful and appealing areas to go.

Solving Prison Overcrowding with Drug Courts Free Essays

Elizabeth Johnson was a model student. She was characterized by her teachers as hardworking, driven, and goal oriented. After being placed on the honor roll and graduating early from Morris High School in Will County, Illinois, she attended Northern Illinois University to become a lawyer. We will write a custom essay sample on Solving Prison Overcrowding with Drug Courts or any similar topic only for you Order Now Within her first year at college, her life derailed. She was caught by the police and arrested for possession of marijuana. Johnson was expecting to be placed in prison but she found herself in a drug court, which assigned her mandatory drug rehabilitation. After graduating from the rehabilitation program, she went back to school at John Marshall Law School, and passed the bar exam. Now, after seven years of completing the drug program, she has not relapsed and works as a District Attorney for Will County. However, stories like Johnson’s aren’t common. For every story like hers, there are hundreds of stories where the drug user would be sent to prison, shattering his or her future (Cain). Our prisons, now host thousands of non-violent drug users. These prisons have high upkeep costs, and have led to overcrowding in some states (United States, Department of Justice). The establishment of drug courts, throughout the nation, would result in less economic costs to America, while still rehabilitating drug users successfully. Currently a large part of the Federal budget goes to the criminal justice system and more specifically in stopping drug abuse. In 2005, the government spent 135. 8 billion dollars stopping substance abuse and addiction (Lyons). This money is spent on creating new rehabilitation programs and testing facilities for drug users to attend. However, drug users attend these programs on a voluntary basis. They are able to join and leave the programs at any time (Lyons). The Federal Government is spending billions on increasing rehabilitation facilities available, but is still sending drug users to prison. The courts still assign prison as sentences for drug users, as opposed to rehabilitation (Vrecko). Now, the Department of Justice needs another $6. 172 billion, on top of their current budget, for the rise in costs of federal prisons (United States, Office of Management and Budget). Our current drug policy is failing to match the Federal Government’s initiative for rehabilitation. The current drug policy and harsh punishments has led to prison overcrowding. The New York Times reported that in California, there has been an increase of 45,000 drug users in prison. This increase has fostered the argument of California’s prisons being overcrowded. California’s prison system is overcrowded with 145% capacity. There has now been a surge of cases to the Supreme Court about the constitutionality of the prisons (Liptak). Much of the problem of prison overcrowding has been linked to drug users. In 2009, the Federal Bureau of Prisons reported that 51. percent of prisoners are in prison for drug related charges. For comparison, in 1995, the number of prisoners for drug related charges was 26. 7 percent. (United States. Department of Justice. ) The number of prisoners has nearly doubled due to harsher drug policies stricter punishments. Like California, many states are dealing with a surge in drug users in prison which has resulted in an increase in upkeep costs. For example, Washington will need to build three new prisons to ensure the constitutionality of their prisons. Peter Aldhous, who earned his PhD from the University of California Berkley, wrote that each prison will cost $250 million to build and an additional $45 million to run each year. Unless Washington changes some of its drug policies, they will likely see a continued rise in the amount of drug users in prison and â€Å"prison upkeep costs†. Moreover, Aldhous expects 4. 1 billion dollars to be spent on new prisons across the nation over the next decade. While this is a long-term cost to states, many states will need new beds and other items for their prisons. In Texas, the prisons will require 17,000 new beds (Lyons). In addition, states will have to hire more prison guards. In the end, the short term cost to the state may be around 1 million dollars (Mergenhagen). As the number of overcrowded prisons rises, drug usage while in prison also increases. Many drug users in prison have the ability to meet their friends and family on visits. During these visits, drugs have been given to the drug user in prison. However, the drugs that are exchanged are drugs that are hard to be traced during urine tests. As a result, inject able drugs, which leave no trace in urine, are the most likely to be exchanged. The drugs are then used in the prison cells where other cellmates may use the drug as well. In a study comprising of 13 prisons, the range of prisoners who used injectable drugs while incarcerated was 16% to 54%. (Lines). When sharing injectable drugs, the prisoners also share the needle. This has disastrous effects on the health of the prisoners. Sharing needles causes an increase likelihood of contracting diseases like HCV, HBV, and HIV (Lines). Another study, which looked at 43 prisons, found that the average HIV/AIDS prevalence is 3%. However, specifically in New York, the prevalence was 12. % (Mergenhagen). Outside of prison, America has a HIV/AIDS prevalence of . 3% (United States. Department of Health and Human Services). Drug users in prison are 10 times more likely to contract HIV/AIDS versus the average population. Finally, the recidivism rate has not fallen with the harsher drug policy. Within two years of being released from prison, 32% of the drug users are incarcerated again for drug charges (Fox). This high recidivism rate furthers the idea that the inmates are not receiving the proper attention in prison to deal with their drug addiction. Drug users are sent to prison typically at a young age similar to Johnson. In prison, they do not receive any â€Å"additional education, job training, or counseling. † They are then released back into society without any new resources to succeed. Instead, they carry a record which impairs them from obtaining jobs, and the psychological problems of being behind bars for an extended period of time (Phlisher). The recidivism rate remaining high, and lack of resources for individuals to succeed points to the need for a new solution rather than prison. â€Å"Drug courts† are the ideal solution. These drug courts are separate from the normal criminal court. Dr. Scott Vrecko, who obtained his PhD from the London School of Economics, claims that drug courts are specifically made for sending drug users to a rehabilitative program. If the judge feels as if the individual would be more successful in a â€Å"rehabilitative program as opposed to prison†, he or she will send the drug user to a program of the judge’s choice. If the drug user fails the program, he or she will be sent to prison. This option gives them the ability to have â€Å"education, job training, and counseling† while in rehab. However, the availability of drug courts is limited to only a few states with Florida being the largest. In these states, they have great success on limiting the toll that prisons bear for drug users. Yet, only 6% of drug users in the nation have access to a drug court (Gorsman). 6% is too small to have any far reaching impact across the nation. Increasing the number of drug courts available to the nation on a federal level would have a strong effect on lowering the cost for prisons and reducing the recidivism rate. The creation of drug courts would have a beneficial economic impact. First, it would lower the percentage of drug users in prison from 51. 4% to around 17% (Berman). This would vastly lower the economic costs of maintaining the prisons. Moreover, it would only cost 1. 2 billion dollars to create drug courts throughout the nation (Gorsman). The proposed 1. 2 billion dollars is a fraction of 135. 8 billion dollars the nation already pays for the creation of rehabilitative programs (Lyons). The rehabilitative programs are already built and running. These drug courts would enforce mandatory attendance to the program. In fact, it would save about 1. million dollars per 200 people per year. (Lyons). The estimated savings would easily cover the costs of creating the drug courts after a few years. Many of the drug users in prison are not there on their first arrest, but their second and third arrest. The largest drawback of the prison system, is its inability to reduce recidivism. However, drug courts have become more effective at reducing recidivism. In one study, the recidivism rate was 4% to 8% after two years of being released from the program (Berman). This number is significantly lower than the 32% recidivism rate for drug users who go to prison (Fox). The most extensive study was done by Brenda Newton-Taylor an M. D. from Stanford. The study involved 432 participants and factored out eight different variables including â€Å"length of drug usage, race, gender, income, and the specific drug used†. They found a recidivism rate at 6% for those who graduated from the rehabilitative program. Furthermore, those that failed the program used drugs less often than before after being released from prison. On average they used drugs about a third as much as they used to. This resulted in the individuals having better jobs and maintaining better lives. The creation of drug courts have been effective in reducing the recidivism rate and lowering the cost on prisons. Many of the present arguments against the establishments of drug courts is related to a theoretical rise in drug users due to a less severe punishment. However, this idea has been empirically disproved. In the certain areas where drug courts are present in America, such as Florida, there has not been a statistically significant increase in the amount of drug usage or drug users (Marlowe). Much of this has been applied to the continued social stigmatization of drugs. Although some states have taken a shift in their drug policy, the stigmatization of drugs still exists. Further, although the mandatory treatment program is not as harsh as prison, it is still not an appealing punishment (Marlowe). The average length to graduate from the program is about 8 months (Newton-Taylor). The time required to graduate still deters individuals from using drugs. If they fail the program, they will be sent to jail which still acts as a deterrent. (Marlowe). The argument of increased drug consumption lacks empirical evidence. The establishment of drug courts throughout the nation would help to solve some of the pressing needs of overcrowding within state prisons and the stagnant recidivism rates. Elizabeth Johnson has been pleading her case to the Illinois state government for the creation of drug courts in every county. Many representatives have joined her support of drug courts, and Illinois has seen large strides in reforming their drug policies. (Cain. ) With many large states such as Florida shifting to drug courts, the push for the federal government to enact the change will undoubtedly follow. How to cite Solving Prison Overcrowding with Drug Courts, Essay examples

Solving Prison Overcrowding with Drug Courts Free Essays

Elizabeth Johnson was a model student. She was characterized by her teachers as hardworking, driven, and goal oriented. After being placed on the honor roll and graduating early from Morris High School in Will County, Illinois, she attended Northern Illinois University to become a lawyer. We will write a custom essay sample on Solving Prison Overcrowding with Drug Courts or any similar topic only for you Order Now Within her first year at college, her life derailed. She was caught by the police and arrested for possession of marijuana. Johnson was expecting to be placed in prison but she found herself in a drug court, which assigned her mandatory drug rehabilitation. After graduating from the rehabilitation program, she went back to school at John Marshall Law School, and passed the bar exam. Now, after seven years of completing the drug program, she has not relapsed and works as a District Attorney for Will County. However, stories like Johnson’s aren’t common. For every story like hers, there are hundreds of stories where the drug user would be sent to prison, shattering his or her future (Cain). Our prisons, now host thousands of non-violent drug users. These prisons have high upkeep costs, and have led to overcrowding in some states (United States, Department of Justice). The establishment of drug courts, throughout the nation, would result in less economic costs to America, while still rehabilitating drug users successfully. Currently a large part of the Federal budget goes to the criminal justice system and more specifically in stopping drug abuse. In 2005, the government spent 135. 8 billion dollars stopping substance abuse and addiction (Lyons). This money is spent on creating new rehabilitation programs and testing facilities for drug users to attend. However, drug users attend these programs on a voluntary basis. They are able to join and leave the programs at any time (Lyons). The Federal Government is spending billions on increasing rehabilitation facilities available, but is still sending drug users to prison. The courts still assign prison as sentences for drug users, as opposed to rehabilitation (Vrecko). Now, the Department of Justice needs another $6. 172 billion, on top of their current budget, for the rise in costs of federal prisons (United States, Office of Management and Budget). Our current drug policy is failing to match the Federal Government’s initiative for rehabilitation. The current drug policy and harsh punishments has led to prison overcrowding. The New York Times reported that in California, there has been an increase of 45,000 drug users in prison. This increase has fostered the argument of California’s prisons being overcrowded. California’s prison system is overcrowded with 145% capacity. There has now been a surge of cases to the Supreme Court about the constitutionality of the prisons (Liptak). Much of the problem of prison overcrowding has been linked to drug users. In 2009, the Federal Bureau of Prisons reported that 51. percent of prisoners are in prison for drug related charges. For comparison, in 1995, the number of prisoners for drug related charges was 26. 7 percent. (United States. Department of Justice. ) The number of prisoners has nearly doubled due to harsher drug policies stricter punishments. Like California, many states are dealing with a surge in drug users in prison which has resulted in an increase in upkeep costs. For example, Washington will need to build three new prisons to ensure the constitutionality of their prisons. Peter Aldhous, who earned his PhD from the University of California Berkley, wrote that each prison will cost $250 million to build and an additional $45 million to run each year. Unless Washington changes some of its drug policies, they will likely see a continued rise in the amount of drug users in prison and â€Å"prison upkeep costs†. Moreover, Aldhous expects 4. 1 billion dollars to be spent on new prisons across the nation over the next decade. While this is a long-term cost to states, many states will need new beds and other items for their prisons. In Texas, the prisons will require 17,000 new beds (Lyons). In addition, states will have to hire more prison guards. In the end, the short term cost to the state may be around 1 million dollars (Mergenhagen). As the number of overcrowded prisons rises, drug usage while in prison also increases. Many drug users in prison have the ability to meet their friends and family on visits. During these visits, drugs have been given to the drug user in prison. However, the drugs that are exchanged are drugs that are hard to be traced during urine tests. As a result, inject able drugs, which leave no trace in urine, are the most likely to be exchanged. The drugs are then used in the prison cells where other cellmates may use the drug as well. In a study comprising of 13 prisons, the range of prisoners who used injectable drugs while incarcerated was 16% to 54%. (Lines). When sharing injectable drugs, the prisoners also share the needle. This has disastrous effects on the health of the prisoners. Sharing needles causes an increase likelihood of contracting diseases like HCV, HBV, and HIV (Lines). Another study, which looked at 43 prisons, found that the average HIV/AIDS prevalence is 3%. However, specifically in New York, the prevalence was 12. % (Mergenhagen). Outside of prison, America has a HIV/AIDS prevalence of . 3% (United States. Department of Health and Human Services). Drug users in prison are 10 times more likely to contract HIV/AIDS versus the average population. Finally, the recidivism rate has not fallen with the harsher drug policy. Within two years of being released from prison, 32% of the drug users are incarcerated again for drug charges (Fox). This high recidivism rate furthers the idea that the inmates are not receiving the proper attention in prison to deal with their drug addiction. Drug users are sent to prison typically at a young age similar to Johnson. In prison, they do not receive any â€Å"additional education, job training, or counseling. † They are then released back into society without any new resources to succeed. Instead, they carry a record which impairs them from obtaining jobs, and the psychological problems of being behind bars for an extended period of time (Phlisher). The recidivism rate remaining high, and lack of resources for individuals to succeed points to the need for a new solution rather than prison. â€Å"Drug courts† are the ideal solution. These drug courts are separate from the normal criminal court. Dr. Scott Vrecko, who obtained his PhD from the London School of Economics, claims that drug courts are specifically made for sending drug users to a rehabilitative program. If the judge feels as if the individual would be more successful in a â€Å"rehabilitative program as opposed to prison†, he or she will send the drug user to a program of the judge’s choice. If the drug user fails the program, he or she will be sent to prison. This option gives them the ability to have â€Å"education, job training, and counseling† while in rehab. However, the availability of drug courts is limited to only a few states with Florida being the largest. In these states, they have great success on limiting the toll that prisons bear for drug users. Yet, only 6% of drug users in the nation have access to a drug court (Gorsman). 6% is too small to have any far reaching impact across the nation. Increasing the number of drug courts available to the nation on a federal level would have a strong effect on lowering the cost for prisons and reducing the recidivism rate. The creation of drug courts would have a beneficial economic impact. First, it would lower the percentage of drug users in prison from 51. 4% to around 17% (Berman). This would vastly lower the economic costs of maintaining the prisons. Moreover, it would only cost 1. 2 billion dollars to create drug courts throughout the nation (Gorsman). The proposed 1. 2 billion dollars is a fraction of 135. 8 billion dollars the nation already pays for the creation of rehabilitative programs (Lyons). The rehabilitative programs are already built and running. These drug courts would enforce mandatory attendance to the program. In fact, it would save about 1. million dollars per 200 people per year. (Lyons). The estimated savings would easily cover the costs of creating the drug courts after a few years. Many of the drug users in prison are not there on their first arrest, but their second and third arrest. The largest drawback of the prison system, is its inability to reduce recidivism. However, drug courts have become more effective at reducing recidivism. In one study, the recidivism rate was 4% to 8% after two years of being released from the program (Berman). This number is significantly lower than the 32% recidivism rate for drug users who go to prison (Fox). The most extensive study was done by Brenda Newton-Taylor an M. D. from Stanford. The study involved 432 participants and factored out eight different variables including â€Å"length of drug usage, race, gender, income, and the specific drug used†. They found a recidivism rate at 6% for those who graduated from the rehabilitative program. Furthermore, those that failed the program used drugs less often than before after being released from prison. On average they used drugs about a third as much as they used to. This resulted in the individuals having better jobs and maintaining better lives. The creation of drug courts have been effective in reducing the recidivism rate and lowering the cost on prisons. Many of the present arguments against the establishments of drug courts is related to a theoretical rise in drug users due to a less severe punishment. However, this idea has been empirically disproved. In the certain areas where drug courts are present in America, such as Florida, there has not been a statistically significant increase in the amount of drug usage or drug users (Marlowe). Much of this has been applied to the continued social stigmatization of drugs. Although some states have taken a shift in their drug policy, the stigmatization of drugs still exists. Further, although the mandatory treatment program is not as harsh as prison, it is still not an appealing punishment (Marlowe). The average length to graduate from the program is about 8 months (Newton-Taylor). The time required to graduate still deters individuals from using drugs. If they fail the program, they will be sent to jail which still acts as a deterrent. (Marlowe). The argument of increased drug consumption lacks empirical evidence. The establishment of drug courts throughout the nation would help to solve some of the pressing needs of overcrowding within state prisons and the stagnant recidivism rates. Elizabeth Johnson has been pleading her case to the Illinois state government for the creation of drug courts in every county. Many representatives have joined her support of drug courts, and Illinois has seen large strides in reforming their drug policies. (Cain. ) With many large states such as Florida shifting to drug courts, the push for the federal government to enact the change will undoubtedly follow. How to cite Solving Prison Overcrowding with Drug Courts, Essay examples

Wi-Fi Security free essay sample

Wi-Fi is the system of wireless connecting devices, which use some radio waves that allow for the connection between the devices without expenses of the cumbersome cable or without requiring them for being facing the other. Wireless-Fidelity (Wi-Fi) network would provide the computer experts with option to remove the wired network (Wekhande, 2006). Badly secured Wi-Fi networks may be utilized for attacking the networks as well as corporations from inside, rather than about attempting to do that externally by Internet. The purpose of the report is to describe about the Wi-Fi Security. Firstly it discusses Wi-Fi (802. 1) Security. Then it reviews the risks as well as the precautions prior to opening the Wi-Fi network for the others, after that it gives recommendations for closing the Wi-Fi Network to the strangers and how to be alert while sending very sensitive information over the Wi-Fi Networks. What is Wi-Fi Security? Wi-Fi is cryptographic based methods for enabling the security. We will write a custom essay sample on Wi-Fi Security or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Wired Equivalent Privacy as well as Wi-Fi Protected Access security techniques give us security (Rowan, 2010). Privacy: the data that has been transmitted within a network must not be readable to anybody however those communicating. Authentication: Only clients who are aware about shared secret can connect to network. Wi-Fi Protected Access had been initial cryptographic protocol which has been made for the Wi-Fi for enabling the privacy as well as authentication. But Wi-Fi Protected Access had not been fully secure. For rectifying the security issues with Wi-Fi Protected, Wi-Fi Alliance has introduced cryptographic protocol i. e. Wi-Fi Protected Access. From that time the general practice about securing the Wi-Fi Protected Access enabled network with the passwords was discovered of being vulnerable towards the offline dictionary attack. Even if Wi-Fi Protected Access has been thought to be very secure rather than from the dictionary attack, this had been the quick fix to problems in the Wi-Fi Protected Access. Wi-Fi Protected Access has been the subset of Robust Security Network that had been introduced in the initial draft of the security standard which is made through Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) called as 802. 11i (A. K. M Nazmus Sakib, 2011). Wi-Fi (802. 11) Security Nowadays several Internet users have been using the Wi-Fi or the 802. 11 networks for connecting wirelessly to Internet (Kjell J. Hole, 2005). It is a latest as well as available technology that has been used for networking the homes. To connect Internet wirelessly provides complete fresh set of the security concerns. When we have been setting up the wireless Wi-Fi network at our home, we are provided to have some additional security precautions for keeping our computer safe as well as secure (Reynolds, 2003). Several people choose for leaving the Wi-Fi networks open thus creating hot spot in which any random passerby may access Internet. Many passersby do not harm us or to our computers. So we must know risks prior to opening up our hot spot for public. Risks as well as Precautions prior to Opening our Wi-Fi Network for Others Either Hot Spot is Violating the Terms of Service ISP Few Internet providers do not allow their users to share its Internet bandwidth among the neighbors as well as strangers through Wi-Fi. Those prohibitions are a part of terms of service which we have agreed, when we have signed up for ISP service (Sheldon, 2001). Either Computer as well as Network is Secure We should be sure that our password must be hard to guess however it should also be easier for us remember. It is particularly essential when we are having home network of computers. We do not want that people should use our Wi-Fi connection for gaining easier access to our computer. In the Windows XP we can set our password in Control Panel in the option User Accounts (Roeder, 2003). Changing the Default Password of Base Station Several Wi-Fi base stations are available with easier to guess default passwords like the admin or default, thus it would permit the hackers to control our base station settings. We should be sure to replace the default password so that it would hard to guess however also it should easier to remember the password (Ku, 2011). Closing Wi-Fi Network to Strangers When we have decided to keep the unknown person off from our Wi-Fi network, there has been lot of methods by which we may reduce access. We may use single many options below for keeping the unknown person off from our network (Lehembre, 2005). We should not Broadcast our SSID It is very easy to restrict anybody to access our Wi-Fi network however this is very far from secure. By default, every Wi-Fi base stations often broadcast its presence and it is called as a Service Set Identifier for anybody within the reach (Gold, 2011). We may reinstall a base station so that we should not broadcast Service Set Identifier, same as the stealth mode. But when the unknown is already aware about name of our Wi-Fi network he/she may still be able to access that. However such a tactic might keep out lot of random passersby (Wireless Security, 2012). We must encrypt our Wireless Network Password Secure method to keep out unknown person has been through creating as well as encrypting our wireless network password, however it a bit complex process. Anybody who has been looking to access our Wi-Fi network would be required to type in real encrypted password. Several old base stations use the Wireless Equivalent Privacy encryption for scrambling the passwords. Whereas such encryption code would be kept out of a reach of casual hacker, but it is weak against determined hackers. Latest encryption protocol, named as the Wireless Protected Access has come up with latest base stations (Waring, 2007) Configuring our Base Station for simply allowing MAC Addresses of our Computer All the computers have been identified through a unique number known as the Machine Access Code address. We instruct our Wi-Fi base station for allowing access towards some specific computer MAC addresses which only belongs to us. Our base station settings would permit us to type in addresses of all the MAC address which we are willing to permit on our Wi-Fi network (Wi-Fi base stations: Extending the range of your wireless network by adding additional Wi-Fi base stations, 2012). This task requires lot of human effort however this might be lot much effective as MAC addresses are very hard to think of. Sending Sensitive Information through Wi-Fi Networks Even if we have been open or close to our Wi-Fi network, there has been still one more security risk we must be aware about that. If we access the Web pages as well as send any e-mail over the Wi-Fi network these transmissions are sent in a clear. In a clear is the sophisticated as well as the determined hacker which might grab such information from the air capture our e-mails as well as Web page requests. So chances of hacker to capture our transmissions in such a way have been very less. Therefore we must be aware about risk particularly when we have been sending the sensitive information through Wi-Fi network (Helping Define 802. 11n and other Wireless LAN Standards, 2012). We should Send Sensitive Files through Wi-Fi Networks until we are aware about it that It is really Secure We should be sure that our Internet connection has been secured prior to sending sensitive Internet communications through that. Many sites which perform sensitive transactions such as shopping with the credit card or checking the bank account information, we must use technology named as Secure Socket Layer. Secure Socket Layer encrypts the transaction therefore creating a secure tunnel in between computer Web site server (US-CERT, 2006). How we should come to know that whether our Web page transaction has been using Secure Socket Layer? Only best technique has been to look at URL of the Web page. Prefix should begin with https://. Here s means that SSL is secure. Using the Virtual Private Network (VPN) for Securing all of our Wi-Fi Transmissions The VPN has been the advanced networking feature. This has been the technology which creates the tunnel among our computer as well as network server. Several corporate networks are having VPNs for protecting the transmissions (Fleishman, 2011). When we have been accessing our work files as well as e-mail using the Wi-Fi network, we must make sure that our office network administrator has created the VPN for these transmissions. Conclusion Poorly secured Wi-Fi networks might be exploited for the other purposes which may not directly threaten owner of a compromised Wi-Fi network. Wireless intruder may conceal their identity as well as when he wishes, reveal that to the others.

Free Essays on Are We Getting Dumber

Are We Getting Dumber? It is obvious that today, with all of our technology, that school is easier or â€Å"dumbed down.† Information is now right at the fingertips of every student, all the elements need to write an A paper are just a mouse click away. In fact, simple technology seems to be the way we are gearing things. You cannot blame the fact that things are now easier on the students. The students did not decide how things were going to be taught or learned. Nor, did they decide to make it easier to learn. People like Neil Postman are the reason that this country has found itself in a bad place. People like him run down the self worth and self esteem of our countries people. Could a stupid society make space travel seem routine? Could a stupid society make it possible to save a persons life by giving him the heart valve of a pig or an ape? I do not think that anything remotely close to that would be possible in stupid society. So, Postman can write his books and have his say. Me personally I believe that they only dumb person in this society is Neil Postman. Our culture is not â€Å"dumbed down†, now days everything is just easier to come by. I will not apologize for not doing this the hard way just because it seems smarter. U say â€Å"Future Shlock† I say that future looks bright for our people.... Free Essays on Are We Getting Dumber Free Essays on Are We Getting Dumber Are We Getting Dumber? It is obvious that today, with all of our technology, that school is easier or â€Å"dumbed down.† Information is now right at the fingertips of every student, all the elements need to write an A paper are just a mouse click away. In fact, simple technology seems to be the way we are gearing things. You cannot blame the fact that things are now easier on the students. The students did not decide how things were going to be taught or learned. Nor, did they decide to make it easier to learn. People like Neil Postman are the reason that this country has found itself in a bad place. People like him run down the self worth and self esteem of our countries people. Could a stupid society make space travel seem routine? Could a stupid society make it possible to save a persons life by giving him the heart valve of a pig or an ape? I do not think that anything remotely close to that would be possible in stupid society. So, Postman can write his books and have his say. Me personally I believe that they only dumb person in this society is Neil Postman. Our culture is not â€Å"dumbed down†, now days everything is just easier to come by. I will not apologize for not doing this the hard way just because it seems smarter. U say â€Å"Future Shlock† I say that future looks bright for our people....

Do you Want to Go to College This Fall Theres Still Room!

Do you Want to Go to College This Fall Theres Still Room! The National Association for College Admission Counseling (NACAC) just reported that colleges and universities still have space available for qualified freshman and/or transfer students.   Even better news it that nearly all have financial aid to offer.   The survey asked four-year colleges and universities about the availability of space, institutional financial aid and housing as of May 1, 2010. Twenty-three percent of the respondents are public colleges and 77% are private. Ninety-three percent have housing space. If you  have not yet completed the college admission process, and want to apply, see NACACs annual Space Availability Survey: Openings for Qualified Students.

MGM Resorts International Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

MGM Resorts International - Case Study Example The purpose the case analysis is precisely to determine the best strategic alternative for MGM Resorts International, given the business and general environment in which it operates, and given an analysis of its strengths and weaknesses, the threats to its business, and the opportunities that are present in the market. The paper also presents a plan for implementation of the chosen strategic alternative arising out of the strategic analysis. The firm in focus is properly a holding entity for a number of assets operating in the hospitality industry (Google Finance, 2013; Bloomberg, 2013; MGM Resorts International, 2013). As a holding firm in the hospitality industry, the key business for MGM Resorts International is in the business of owning and operating resorts that are casinos. As such, it is in the business of offering within those casino resorts such services as retail, dining, entertainment, gaming, convention, hotel, and a number of corollary services and activities. Its presen ce is confined to two markets, the US domestic market, where it owns and operates 15 casino resorts throughout the United States, and the China Market, where MGM Macau has ownership of the casino resort known as MGM Macau resort and casino. The company has sole ownership and total control of operations for its US casino resorts, whose casino operations in particular are open the whole year round without pause and for 24 hours everyday, except for its operations at the Grand Victoria, which pause for work two hours out of 24 hours on a daily basis (Google Finance, 2013). Apart from the wholly owned resorts, MGM Resorts International also has 50 percent stakes in three other facilities, chief of them being CityCenter, where the company has half of total ownership stakes in the ARIA Resort and Casino, among other assets. Its MGM China Holdings control 51 percent of the MGM Macau Resort and Casino, apart from new planned developments for a Cotai resort and casino. Its expertise in the h ospitality segment has allowed the holding firm, moreover, to get involved in a vast array of management agreements as well as development agreements for various projects worldwide, involving all kinds of projects outside of casino development as well as projects in casino and resorts development (MGM Resorts International, 2013). Its key bases of operations in the US, meanwhile, are Michigan, Nevada, and Mississippi, with additional stakes in properties in Illinois and Nevada outside of its core interests. In China its base of operations is essentially Macau These properties coupled with consulting and management services make up the totality of its core business offerings to the world (Bloomberg, 2013). A look at its 10-year stock performance shows that MGM Resorts International shares have traded in a relatively narrow band since sharply dropping from its peaks of close to 100 dollars a share in 2007. Current stock prices of about 12.86 dollars a share are within the narrow band that it has been in since that time (Google Finance, 2013) Image Source: Google Finance, 2013 Meanwhile, shorter-term investor sentiments towards the stock shows that many hedge funds and other investors are cautiously long on the stock, and recent developments that indicate some long-term investors such as Kirk Kerkorian are upping their shares in the company by buying more shares are boosting sentiment. The

Impression on Gothic stained glass Research Paper

Impression on Gothic stained glass - Research Paper Example This informed the research and evolution of the pre historic stained glasses manufactured by the Egyptians and Romans to the modern day fully fledged industry responsible for the creation of the three dimensional impressions with their stained glasses. The manufacture of stained glass is both an art and craft that requires artistic dexterity to create unique designs capable of communicating idealistically and effectively. Additionally, the art requires engineering knowhow to balance the several features of construction to develop a strong window or door. A window particularly the large ones are heavy, additionally, glass naturally heavy and fragile, in designing such doors, the engineers must therefore balance the weight of the structures to resist the tendency of glasses breaking. Windows and doors resist other external pressures such as wind, these have the force capable of breaking a glass, the design of a glass window therefore incorporates the capabilities to resist such externa l forces but remain light enough to avoid piling pressure on frames. Additionally, window and doorframes are made in particular designs and shapes. Glass is known for its ease to break, this makes manipulating one difficult. The creation of a stained window or door glass therefore considers all these features making it quite a profession. The early western civilization involved extensive usage of stained glasses to decorate their buildings. It was one of the key indicators of social status owing to their high prices. The glasses were therefore commonly used in churches and other public structures such as county halls and in the decoration of royal palaces. The early civilization used these glasses to communicate, arts communicates through diverse means. The manipulation of the stained glasses offered unparalleled mode of communication that could be used to preserve images besides decoration. Most church windows frames were therefore fitted with religious portraits of the heavenly beings such as angels, Jesus and God Himself. These collectively aided the creation of a spiritual theme around churches and other religious places. Arts make use of a number of elements to communicate the ideas of the artists. One of these elements is color, every color has a meaning, this therefore implies that the use and choice of a speci fic color is determined by the message that the artist intended to communicate. The stained glasses communicate through color; they largely employ the use of different colors to create different illusions thereby communicating differently depending on the purpose of the glass and its creator. To decorate places and royal facilities, artists used a gold impression, these gave the facilities an aspect of importance and class. Royalties always portrayed an essence of more self worth, they therefore demanded the creation of exceptionally beautiful structures manufactured and coated with the most expensive rocks (Elizabeth 45). Gothic artifacts are scary impressions; some that portray instill fear in their audience, the stained glass technology excels in the creation of such thereby developing a horrific feeling in a room fitted with such windows and doors. The glass stained windows are deigned either figuratively or non figuratively. A figurative design relates a story behind the design . In churches, the stories

Health and Well-being for Individuals with Specific Needs

Health and Well-being for Individuals with Specific Needs DOINA BORSAN How the health and social care and system support individuals with specific needs After meeting Mr. Holland family, I can give you a report about his medical and physical state. He had hearing and visual impairment, over the years due to these impairments develops dementia which make him aggressive with people coming in close contact with him. His famil were looking for a placement for him where to have all support and assistance needed in his daily life, and they find that out Care Home is it perfectly fit with Mr. Holland. Mr. Holland has various care needs, for some of them we are fully compliant with it, for other we have to ask support for other professional organization. Visual impairment, in their 10th revision, WHO definitions for visual impairment, low vision and blindness was given in the International statistical classification of diseases, injuries and causes of death. In their surveys about visual impairments they said that the largest proportion of blindness is related to ageing. Although cataract is not a major cause of blindness, glaucoma is the second cause of blindness globally; age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is the third cause. Other causes of visual impairment are: corneal blindness which may be attributed to trachoma, trauma and vitamin A deficiency depending on area of living; diabetic retinopathy; childhood blindness; onchocerciasis. Jette and Branch in 1985 said that visual impairment as physical disability is it not related with increasing social disability, these are concepts having different determinants. Due to this disability Mr. Holland has a lack of non-verbal communication and misunderstanding of others attitude an d behaviour. The commune way to assisting Mr. Holland is to provide his glasses clean, walking stick if necessary and use style of communication that can minimize the difference that exist such us large print books, colourful/lighting signs and symbols what can help him to deal in the new setting. Hearing impairment,(HI) as a loos or reduction of ability to hear clear , is it other barrier to communicate effectively. As a person who use hearing aid, we had to ensure that is working properly, fitted correctly, had working batteries and is it clean to improve Mr. Holland hearing. Risk factors for HI other than age are genetic liability, infections, trauma, toxicity , diseases and noise exposure. Reduced speech perception and perception of non-verbal sound is it affecting people with HI and their opportunities to communicate effectively is made difficult, and create harmful psychosocial effects of HI. To help Mr. Holland to adapt in our environment due to his hearing impairment we can use a translated typewriter for phone calls, or passing an information, speak clear that he can read on our lips and if this impairment will evolve in time we will ask help for British Deaf Association, which can provide us a qualified British Sign Language, a form of sign language using hands and body language. MAKATON, a system who uses speech, signs and symbols can either help in communication process. Challenging behaviour, defined by WHO as a culturally abnormal behaviour indicated by individual or groups , which causes others problems, and which significantly interferes with the quality of life of all concerned. Causes of challenging behaviour are various, social isolation; stress ;clinical factors – medication, inadequate glasses, empty or no battery in hearing aid; frustration of not doing things like before; mental illness; disempowering by lack of ability to communicate. Some of the signs of challenging behaviour we can see in Mr. Holland by aggression towards others or self harm. The staff need to undergo training to ensure awareness of the types, causes and effects of Mr. Holland behaviour while we are a Care Home with less contact to respond effectively to triggers, signs and symptoms of challenging behaviour. Dementia comes from Latin, demens= dement â€Å"out of one`s mind†, describe brain disorders, a loss of brain function that is usually progressive and severe. A compulsive behaviour, aggression, increasing lack of personal care and personality change is a form of dementia. The damage caused to the brain cannot be repaired but we can learn to live with or to work with people having dementia. In our case Mr. Holland, can be involved in activities that can stimulate his creativity, speech problems can be helped by the appropriate therapy .Using GP`s support to provide help with medication and special investigations , Psychological and Mental health support from professional bodies to make easy integration in our environment. Following the legislation of Equality Act, Discrimination Act, Mental Capacity Act, Human Rights, Confidentiality Act, Institutional Policies and Procedures who protect the individuals in every position, care taker or receiver and CQC Standards which protect de system and make sure that the care standards are up, out Care Home is it aware of legislation in force. Sometimes it can be very hard to really understand people`s needs and we are tempting to rely on stereotyping, not making differences in individual`s needs. With adequate training and well informed about the issues we have to deal with, we can have a good idea about reactions and expectations of the individual. My conclusion is that we are able to coop with Mr. Holland needs and with some support of other organization we can give him an opportunity to live his life at the higher standards of caring. References : Ager A.O`May F.(2001),Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability ,Issues in the definition and implementation of â€Å"best practice† for staff delivery of interventions for challenging behaviour,Vol.26, Issue3,Pp. 243-256 A.C.Davis ,(1989),The Prevalence of Hearing Impairment and Reported Hearing Disability among Adults in Great Britain, International Journal of Epidemiology, Vol.18, Pp. 911-917. Berrios,G.E.,(1989),Non-cognitive symptoms and the diagnosis of dementia: Historical and clinical aspects. The British Journal of Psychiatry, Vol154(Suppl 4),Pp. 11-16. Gilbert CE, Anderton L, Dandona L, Foster A.(1999), Prevalence of visual impairment in children: a review of available data. Ophthalmic Epidemiology,Vol.6:73-82. Jette.A.M Branch G.L.,(1985),Impairment and disability in the aged, Journal of Chronic Disease ,Vol.38, Issue 1 World Health Organization. Prevention of blindness and deafness. Global initiative for the elimination of avoidable blindness. Geneva: WHO; 2000,Rev2. World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases, injuries and causes of death, tenth revision. Geneva: WHO; 1993 Wilson DH, Walsh PG, Sanchez L, et al, (1999). The epidemiology of hearing impairment in an Australian adult population. Int. J. Epidemiology, Vol. 28, Pp.247-52. Links http://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d4681 http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serialpid=0042-9686lng=ennrm=iso http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0021968185900086 1

Heart Failure Alert System Using Rfid Technology

The paper will be demonstrating for the first time ever the usage of wireless electrification systems and miniature sensor devices like RIFF passive Tags, that are smaller than a grain of rice and equipped with a tiny antenna which will capture and wirelessly transmit a person's vital body-function data, such as pulse or body temperature , to an integrated ground station. In addition, the antenna will also receive Information regarding the location of the individual from the GAPS (Global Positioning Satellite) System.Both sets of data medical Information and location will then be wirelessly transmitted to the ground station and made available to save lives y remotely monitoring the medical conditions of at-risk patients and providing emergency rescue units with the person's exact location. This paper gives a predicted general model for Heart Failure Alert System. It also discusses the Algorithm for converting the Analog pulse to Binary data in the tag and the Algorithm for Alerting t he Location & Tracking Station. It discusses in detail the various stages involved in tracking the exact location of the Victim using this technology. . Illumination It is tough to declare convincingly what is the most Important organ of our DOD Infant every organ has Its own Importance contributing and coordinating superbly to keep the wonderful machine the human body functioning smoothly. And one of the primary organs which the body cannot do without is the heart, 72 beats a minute or over a trillion in a lifetime. The pump house of our body pumping the blood to every corner of our body every moment, thus sending oxygen and nutrients to each and every cell.Over a period of time, the heart muscles go weak, the arteries get blocked and sometimes because of a shock a part of the heart stops functioning resulting in what is called a HEART ATTACK. Heart attack is a major cause of death and in today's tension full world It has become very common. Presently there Is no mechanism by which a device monitors a person's heart 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and gives him instant protection in case of problem. Our primary focus is on people with a history of heart problem as they are more prone to death due to heart ‘OFF Taller.In ten II/Us, a group AT clients at ten Lawrence Livermore Larboard realized that a handheld receiver stimulated by RFC power could send back a coded radio signal. Such a system could be connected to a simple computer and used to intro access to a secure facility. This system ultimately became one of the first building entry systems based on the first commercial use of RIFF. RIFF or Radio Frequency identification is a technology that enables the tracking or identification of objects using ICC based tags with an RFC circuit and antenna, and RFC readers that â€Å"read† and in some case modify the information stored in the ICC memory.RIFF is an automated data-capture technology that can be used to electronically identify, track, and stor e information about groups of products, individual items, or product components. The technology consists of three key pieces: ; RIFF tags. ; RIFF readers. ; A data collection and management system. RIFF tags: RIFF tags are small or miniaturized computer chips programmed with information about a product or with a number that corresponds to information that is stored in a database. The tags can be located inside or on the surface of the product, item, or packing material.The RFC tags could be divided in two major groups: Passive Group: where the power to energize the tags circuitry is draw from the reader generated field. Active Group: In this case the tag has an internal power resource, in general a battery that could be replaceable or not, in some case this feature limited the tag lifetime, but for some applications this is not important, or the tag is designed to live more than the typical time needed. RIFF readers: RIFF readers are querying systems that interrogate or send signals to the tags and receive the responses.These responses can be stored within the reader for later transfer to a data collection system or instantaneously transferred to the data collection system. Like the tags themselves, RIFF readers come in many sizes. RIFF traders are usually on, continually transmitting radio energy and awaiting any tags that enter their field of operation. However, for some applications, this is unnecessary and could be undesirable in battery-powered devices that need to conserve energy. Thus, it is possible to configure an RIFF reader so that it sends the radio pulse only in response to an external event.For example, most electronic toll collection systems have the reader constantly powered upon that every passing car will be recorded. On the other hand, RIFF scanners used in veterinarian's offices are frequently equipped tit triggers and power up the only when the trigger is pulled. The largest readers malign consist AT a desktop personal computer Walt a spec ial car Ana multiple antennas connected to the card through shielded cable. Such a reader would typically have a network connection as well so that it could report tags that it reads to other computers.The smallest readers are the size of a postage stamp and are designed to be embedded in mobile telephones. 2. General Model for Heart Failure Alert System The Heart Failure Alert System consists of : ; RIFF Tag (Implanted into Human body). ; RIFF Reader (Placed in a Cellular Phone). Global Positioning Satellite System. ; Locating & Tracking Station. ; Mobile Rescue Units. The grain-sized RIFF tag is implanted into the human body, which keeps track of the heart pulse in the form of voltage levels. A RIFF reader is placed into the cellular phone.The RIFF reader sends a command to the RIFF tag which in turn sends these voltage pulses in the form of bits using the embedded software in the tag as response which is a continuous process. These bit sequence is then sent to software program in the cellular phone as input and checks for the condition of heart allure. If any sign of failure is sensed then immediately an ALERT Signal will be generated and in turn results in the AUTODIAL to the Locating & tracking station. This station with the use of GAPS system comes to know the whereabouts of the victim. The locating and tracking station also simultaneously alerts the rescue units. . Working of Implanted RIFF Tags Passive RIFF systems typically couple the transmitter to the receiver with either load modulation or backscatter, depending on whether the tags are operating in the near or far field of the reader respectively. In the near field, a tag couples with a reader via electromagnetic inductance. The antennas of both the reader and the tag are formed as coils, using many turns of small gauge wire. The reader communicates with the tag by modulating a carrier wave, which it does by varying the amplitude, phase, or frequency of the carrier, depending on the design of the R IFF system in question.The tag communicates with the reader by varying how much it loads its antenna. This in turn affects the voltage across the reader's antenna. By switching the load on and off rapidly, the tag can establish its own carrier frequency really a sub carrier) that the tag can in turn modulate to communicate its reply. Hug: Oral sleaze RIFF lag RIFF tags are smaller than a grain of rice and equipped with a tiny antenna will capture and wirelessly transmit a person's vital body-function data, such as pulse and do not require line of sight.These tags are capable of identifying the heart pulses in the form of voltage levels and converts into a bit sequence. The first step in A-D Conversion is Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM). This takes an analog signal, samples it and generates a sequence of pulses based on the results of the Sampling measuring the amplitude at equal intervals) PC (Pulse Code Modulation) quantizes PAM pulses that is the method of assigning integral valu es in a specific range to sampled instances. The binary encoding of these integral values is done based on the algorithm BIN_ONCE depending on the average heart pulse voltage of the victim (Bag_pulse).Alga BIN_ONCE: Steps: Read the analog signals from the heart. Steps: Sample the analog signal and generate series of pulses based on the results of sampling based on the tag frequency. Steps: Assign integral values to each sampled instances generated. Steps: Consider every individual sampled unit and ampere with the average voltage level of the heart. Steps: If the sampled instance value is in between the average pulse values then assign BIT=O Otherwise assign BIT-I . Steps: Generate the bit sequence by considering all the generated individual sample instances.Fig: Analog-Binary Digits Conversion in Tags Working of RIFF reader inside cellular phone: The RIFF reader sends a pulse of radio energy to the tag and listens for the tags response. The tag detects this energy and sends back a r esponse that contains the tags serial number and possibly other information as well. In simple RIFF systems, he reader's pulse of energy functioned as an on-off switch, in more sophisticated systems, the reader's RFC signal can contain commands to the tag, instructions to read or write memory that the tag contains.Historically, RIFF readers were designed to read only a particular kind of tag, RIFF readers are usually on, continually transmitting radio energy and awaiting any tags that enter their field of operation. Fig: RIFF Reader in cellular phone. I en reader continuously sends ten command to ten tags Ana In turn receives ten voltage levels in the form of bit sequence as response from the tags with the help of the BIN_ONCE algorithm. The reader sends the received bit sequence to a software embedded in the cellular phone. In case of detection of a weak heart pulse this software automatically alerts the tracking & location station .

Should athletes be allowed to take performance enhancing...

Introduction In sports, the competitive drive to win can be very intensive between athletes. Winning in the game usually brings rewards to athletes both financially and psychologically. Such temptations and the consecutive pressures faced by athletes to excel in the sporting events, attempts to achieve a rival edge especially when the application of performance enhancing drugs by athletes in sports activities has becoming a new trend and relatively common. Performance enhancing drugs are used so athletes could achieve better results with least efforts, even as their health and their athletic careers will be placed in danger. That explains why athletes, sports people and body builders turn to performanc enhancing drugs. What are†¦show more content†¦According to Brower, withdrawal symptoms might be developed in the individuals who stop taking anabolic steroids after they have taken excessive amount of anabolic steroids over sustained period. The symptoms included mood swings, insomnia, depressed mood, reduced libido, anorexia, weight loss, and even suicidal thoughts. Despite of these behavioral changes, others common adverse effects of anabolic steroids are liver failure, endocrine dysfunction, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, and difficulties in blood clotting. For men, they may experience gynecomastia (breast development and enlargement), reduced fertility, shrunken testes, decreasing in sperm amount, decreased production of testosterone, development of prostate cancer due to the enlargement of the gland, and baldness, and masculinization in women and children. In women, excessive anabolic steroids will lead to breast reduction, swollen clitoris, masculinization, de epen voice, growth of body and facial hair, menstrual disruption and also increased risk of birth defects. Adverse effects of anabolic steroids that exert on liver Let’s go further details into how anabolic steroids affect liver and cardiovascular. Adverse effects of anabolic steroids that exert on the liver are specifically associated with orally administered anabolic steroids which consisit of a 17 alpha alkylated group. The C17 alpha alkylated anabolicShow MoreRelatedUse Of Performance Enhancing Drugs1338 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper Final Draft The Use of Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports According to NPR.com, the argument over the use of performance-enhancing drugs by professional athletes has been at the center of an international ethical debate for many years (Katz). Many people argue that these drugs should be allowed, while others argue that these drugs should be banned from professional sports. 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Dcisions stratgiques - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 38 Words: 11355 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? STRATEGIE Chapitre 1 Introduction la stratgie Stratgie: allocation des ressources qui engage lorganisation dans le long terme en configurant son primtre dactivit. Les dcisions stratgiques porte sur: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dcisions stratgiques" essay for you Create order ~ Orientation long terme de lorganisation ~ Primtre dactivit de lorganisation ~ Obtention dun avantage concurrentiel ~ Rponse aux volutions de lenvironnement ~ Exploitation des ressources et comptences de lorganisation (capacit stratgique) ~ Prise en compte des attentes des parties prenantes (stakeholders) ~ Cration de la valeur au-del des cots, selon un modle conomique difficilement imitable La stratgie concerne lorganisation dans sa globalit. Autrement dit et selon le modle VIP; Les dcisions stratgiques concernent Le choix dun modle de cration de valeur (business model) de manire rpondre aux attentes des parties prenantes. La rsistance limitation, afin dassurer la prennit de lavantage concurrentiel. La dfinition du primtre de lorganisation: que faire, que ne pas faire, dans quel environnement, dans quelle filire. Elles prsentent donc les caractristiques suivantes * Elles sont complexes par nature * Elles sont labores en situation dincertitude * Elles affectent les dcisions oprationnelles * Elles requirent une approche globale (interne et externe) * Elles impliquent dimportants changements DAS (Domaine dActivit Stratgique): sous partie de lorganisation laquelle il est possible dallouer ou retirer des ressources qui correspondent une combinaison spcifique des facteurs cls de succs. Les trois niveaux de stratgie: 1) Stratgie dentreprise:concerne le dessein et primtre de lorganisation dans sa globalit et la manire dont elle ajoute de la valeur ses diffrentes activits. 2) Stratgie par Domaine dactivit: identifie les FCS sur un march particulier. 3) Stratgie oprationnelles: comment les diffrentes composantes de lorganisation dploient effectivement les stratgies dfinies au niveau global et au niveau des DAS. Terme Dfinition Mission/Dessein Propos fondamental de lorganisation, dcoulant les valeurs et des attentes des parties prenantes Vision/Intention strat. Etat futur souhait aspiration de lorganisation Objectif Quantification ou intention plus prcise. Capacit stratgique Ressources, activits et processus qui permettent dobtenir un avantage concurrentiel Stratgies Orientation long terme Modle conomique Combinaison de facteurs financiers, commerciaux, techniques et oprationnels qui sous-tendent la stratgie Contrle Evaluation de lefficacit de la stratgie et des ralisations Modification de la stratgie et/ou des ralisations si ncessaire Management stratgique: inclut le diagnostic stratgique (environnement, capacit stratgique, attentes et intentions), les choix stratgiques (stratgies par domaine dactivit, stratgies au niveau de lentreprise, orientation et modalits de dveloppement) et le dploiement stratgique (gestion du changement, leviers stratgiques, organisation). Diagnostic stratgique: Consiste comprendre limpact stratgique de lenvironnement externe, de la capacit stratgique de lorganisation (ses ressources et comptences) et des attentes des parties prenantes Choix stratgiques: Incluent la slection des stratgies futures, que ce soit au niveau de lentreprise ou celui des domaines dactivit stratgique, ainsi que lidentification des orientations et des modalits de dveloppement. Dploiement stratgique: Consiste mettre la stratgie en pratique Processus stratgiques: la manire dont les stratgies se dveloppent dans les organisations. Les prismes stratgiques Lide est quil faut considrer les problmes et les processus stratgiques selon diffrents points de vue pour permettre de faire merger de nouvelles questions et de nouvelles solutions. Le prisme de la mthode: Positionnement dlibr au travers de processus rationnels, analytiques, structurs et directifs Le prisme de lexprience: Dveloppement incrmental rsultant de lexprience individuelle et collective et des croyances implicites Le prisme de la complexit: Emergence de lordre et de linnovation partir de la varit et de la diversit internes et externes lorganisation Le prisme du discours: Le langage et les concepts de la stratgie sont utiliss pour obtenir de linfluence, du pouvoir et de la lgitimit Chapitre 2 Lenvironnement [Comment les managers peuvent donner du sens au monde incertain qui entoure lorganisation] Modle PESTEL: rpartit les influences environnementales en 6 grandes catgories ~ Politique stabilit gouvernementale, politique fiscale, commerce extrieur, protection sociale ~ Economique volution du PIB, taux dintrt, politique montaire, inflation, chmage ~ Sociologiques dmographie, distribution des revenus, mobilit sociale, niveau dducation ~ Technologiques dpense publique en RD, nouvelles dcouvertes, nouveau dveloppements ~ Ecologiques loi sur la protection de lenvironnement, consommation dnergie ~ Lgales loi sur le monopole, droit du travail, lgislation sur la sant, normes de scurit Cette analyse a pour objectif didentifier les variables pivot, de manire construire des scnarios (hirarchiser les forces environnementales), c d lamanire dont la stratgie devrait voluer en fonction des volutions possibles de lenvironnement. Tendances structurelles: forces susceptibles daffecter significativement la structure dune industrie ou dun march (ex. convergence croissante de la demande au niveau mondial) Le modle des 5 (+1) forces de la concurrence (Porter): consiste identifier de la concurrence dans une industrie Postulat: lobjectif fondamental est lobtention dun avantage concurrentiel qui se mesure par sa capacit gnrer du profit. Sapplique uniquement au DAS (pas au niveau du groupe o il y a plusieurs DAS) Permet de caractriser lattractivit de lindustrie Barrires lentre: les facteurs qui imposent aux nouveaux entrants des cots structurellement et durablement suprieurs ceux des organisations dj en place ~ Financires: conomies dchelle, intensit capitalistique, cots de transfert ~ Commerciales: accs aux rseaux de distribution, rputation ~ Ressources et Comptences: technologie, ressources rares, exprience Menace des substituts: Le substitut menace t-il les produits dobsolescence? Quel est le cout de transfert pour les acheteurs? Le substitut est-il introduit par une entreprise qui a les moyens financiers dassurer largement sa diffusion? Quelle est la capacit de riposte des entreprises en place? Le pouvoir de ngociation des acheteurs: (les acheteurs sont les clients directs et pas ncessairement les clients finaux de lindustrie) Le pouvoir est lev lorsque: ~ Ils sont concentrs ~ Les fournisseurs sont nombreux et disperss ~ Le cot de transfert est faible et prvisible ~ Il existe des sources dapprovisionnement de substitution ~ Lapprovisionnement reprsente une part importante du cot complet des clients ~ Il existe une menace de lintgration vers lamont de la part des clients Le pouvoir de ngociation des fournisseurs Le rle des pouvoirs publics ~ Le pouvoir de rgulation, avec la fixation des impts et des taxes, etc. ~ Le protectionnisme ~ Parfois, lEtat peut tre un client dominant ou un concurrent Intensit concurrentielleest dtermine par: taux de croissance de march, cots fixes levs, paliers dinvestissements importants, diffrenciation entre les offres des concurrents, possibilit de croissance externe, existence de barrires la sortie Objectif du modle (5+1 forces): hirarchisation afin didentifier quels sont les facteurs cls de succs qui dterminent effectivement la capacit des organisations en prsence constituer un avantage concurrentiel hexagone sectoriel Hyper-comptition: environnement dans lequel la frquence, lamplitude et lagressivit des manuvres concurrentielles gnrent une situation de dsquilibre permanent les organisations doivent anticiper le fait que leur avantage sera toujours temporaire. Avantage long terme est le rsultat dune succession davantages temporaires. Dans un environnement stable la concurrence consiste construire et prserver un avantage concurrentiel durable. Les concurrents et les marchs constituent la strate environnementale la plus proche de lorganisation. Le concept de groupes stratgiques consiste tablir la cartographie des organisations prsentes dans une industrie. Pour les identifier on peut effectuer une segmentation de march. Groupes stratgiques : runissent les organisations dont les caractristiques stratgiques sont semblables, qui suivent des stratgies comparables ou qui sappuient sur les mmes facteurs de concurrence. Segments de march : identifier les similarits et les diffrences entres des groupes de clients ou dutilisateurs. La segmentation des marchs ne doit surtout pas tre confondue avec la segmentation stratgique, qui consiste dcouper lorganisation en domaines dactivits stratgiques. Ces deux derniers coupls aux canevas stratgique permettent didentifier des espaces stratgiques encore vierges. Ocan rouge: Niveau de concurrence intense Ocan bleu: Positionnement sur les espaces stratgiques vierges Clients stratgiques : constitue la cible primordiale de la stratgie, car il a la plus forte influence sur la manire dont loffre est achete. Pour beaucoup de biens de consommation courante, le client stratgique des industriels est en fait le rseau de distribution, car la manire dont les distributeurs vont disposer, promouvoir et soutenir les produits aura un impact dterminant sur les prfrences du consommateur final. Crneau stratgique : opportunit de march insuffisamment exploite par les concurrents. FCS (Facteur Cls de Succs) : lments stratgiques quune organisation doit matriser afin de surpasser la concurrence correspondent aux facteurs permettant de contrecarrer les 5+1 forces de la concurrence. Cest la conclusion logique de toute analyse de lenvironnement. Chaque DAS se caractrise par une combinaison spcifique de FCS. Analyse SWOT : rsume les conclusions essentielles de lanalyse de lenvironnement et de la capacit stratgique dune organisation. Stratgie dduite: dterminer si les forces et faiblesses de lorganisation peuvent faire face aux volutions de lenvironnement. Stratgie construite: dterminer sil est possible didentifier/crer dventuelles opportunits qui permettent de mieux tirer profit des ressources uniques/comptences distinctives de lorganisation. Lanalyse SWOT doit permettre de dterminer si lorganisation possde dores et dj la capacit stratgique lui permettant de rpondre aux volutions de son environnement, si elle doit chercher acqurir ou dvelopper des nouvelles ressources et comptences ou bien si elle doit plutt se rorienter vers dautres marchs. Chapitre 3 La capacit stratgique [Comment lenvironnement (externe) et les ressources (internes) influencent la position stratgique dune organisation. Cela explique pourquoi certaines organisations sont capables datteindre des niveaux de performance significativement suprieurs ceux de leurs concurrents. Cette explication de lavantage concurrentiel en termes de diffrentiel de capacit stratgique est gnralement appele approche ressources et comptences] Capacit stratgique: laptitude des ressources et comptences dune organisation lui permettre de survivre et de prosprer. Ressources: actifs dont dispose une organisation tangibles (RH, financires, quipement) et intangibles (capital intellectuel, goodwill). Comptences: activits et processus au travers desquels une organisation dploie ses ressources Capacits seuil : sont indispensables pour pouvoir intervenir sur un march donn. Quelles sont les ressources requises pour soutenir une stratgie donne? Quelles sont les comptences ncessaires au dploiement des ressources? Ressource uniques: sous-tendent lavantage concurrentiel et que les concurrents ne peuvent ni imiter ni obtenir. Comptences fondamentales: activits et processus au travers desquels les ressources sont dployes obtenir un avantage concurrentiel difficilement imitable. Efficacit: rapport entre les rsultats atteints et les objectifs assigns Dans certaines organisations le niveau de cots peut procurer un avantage concurrentiel. La maitrise des cots est ainsi devenue une capacit seuil dans de nombreuses industries pour deux raisons: * Parce que les clients ne sont pas prts valoriser une offre nimporte quel prix * La concurrence pousse naturellement la rduction des cots Cependant, la rduction des cots nest pas une comptence fondamentale car elle ne procure aucun avantage concurrentiel durable. Efficience: rapport entre les rsultats atteints et les moyens utiliss sources de lefficience: ~ Economie dchelle ~ Cots dapprovisionnement ~ Innovation des procds ou de produits ~ Exprience Courbe dexprience: montre la diminution des cots unitaires dune organisation avec laugmentation de son volume de production cumul. Cependant, il est trs peu probable dobtenir un avantage concurrentiel durable au travers de leffet dexprience car: ~ Le gain de parts de march peut tre trop coteux par rapport aux conomies attendues ~ Lexprience accumule est extrmement sensible aux ruptures technologiques, qui peuvent brusquement rduire nant des annes daccumulation dexpertise sur un modle conomique Capacits dynamiques: aptitude dune organisation dvelopper et changer ses comptences afin de rpondre aux exigences dun environnement en volution rapide. Connaissances organisationnelles : exprience collective partage, accumule au travers des systmes, des routines et des activits de lorganisation. Lapproche par les ressources Lavantage concurrentiel durable repose sur des capacits stratgiques qui soient VRIN: (a) valorises par les clients ou les parties prenantes, (b) rares * la capacit est elle transfrable? * Est-elle durable? * Peut-elle devenir un blocage? (c) robustes * Elles doivent tre lie une activit ou un processus valeur ajoute aux yeux des clients ou des autres parties prenantes * Les comptences doivent conduire des niveaux de performance significativement suprieurs ceux des concurrents * Elles doivent donc tre difficiles imiter: o Robustesse de la capacit stratgique: le caractre non imitable o Complexit liens internes et externes o Culture et histoire schmas de pense implicites (comptences encastres dans la culture) et contrainte de sentier (dveloppement conditionn par le sillon des volutions passes et connues) o Ambigut causale (difficult diffrencier les causes des consquences) (d) non substituables. * Loffre peut tre substituable (forces de Porter) * La comptence peut tre substituable Outils pour diagnostiquer la capacit stratgique Lanalyse de la chaine de valeur et de la filire aide comprendre comment la valeur est gnre et comment elle peut tre dveloppe. Les activits qui fondent les capacits stratgiques dune organisation peuvent tre comprises grce une cartographie des activits. La chane de valeur: dcrit les diffrentes tapes qui dterminent la capacit dune organisation obtenir un avantage concurrentiel en proposant une offre valorise par ses clients ~ Fonctions primaires assurent loffre de produits ou de services et sont directement impliques dans la cration de valeur ~ Fonctions de soutien amliorent lefficacit ou lefficience des activits primaires On peut utiliser la chaine de valeur en la considrant comme: Une cartographie des diffrentes activits Une chaine de cots Filire: lensemble des liens inter organisationnels et des activits qui sont ncessaires la cration dun produit ou dun service Lorganisation doit dterminer ce quelle doit effectuer en interne et ce quelle peut sous-traiter. Il est donc essentiel quune organisation comprenne les fondements de ses capacits stratgiques en relation avec sa filire Quelles sont les activits rellement dterminantes au regard de la capacit stratgique? Au long de la filire, peut on identifier des gisements de valeur(une zone de la valeur dans laquelle les profits sont particulirement levs? Vaut-il mieux faire ou faire faire une activit spcifique de la filire? Qui sont les meilleurs partenaires chaque tape? Attention: Il ne faut pas confondre la capacit stratgique avec les FCS (Ex: service de qualit, systme de livraison). Les capacits stratgiques dsignent les ressources, comptences, et les activits qui permettent de maitriser les FCS, non les FCS eux-mmes. Etalonnage(benchmarking) : comparer les performance dune organisation avec diffrentes pratiques de rfrence, internes ou externes son industrie ~ Historique comment la mme organisation a volue au cours du temps ~ Interne comparaison entre les performances des diverses unit lintrieur dune mme organisation ~ Avec les concurrents ~ Avec les meilleurs pratiques Ltalonnage compare les ressources et les rsultats et non les comptences il ne permet pas didentifier les vritables raisons du succs ou de lchec des organisations. Les limites du management de la capacit stratgique ~ Comptences son valorises mais incomprises ~ Comptences ne sont pas valorises ~ Comptences sont reconnues et valorises Lexploitation et le renforcement des capacits: les dcisions peuvent permettre de dvelopper les capacits stratgiques, la fois interne et par rapport lenvironnement ~ Extension des meilleures pratiques ~ Ajout et volution dactivit ~ Exploitation des comptences ~ Construire sur des faiblesses apparentes ~ Arrt dactivits ~ Scission dactivits ~ Dveloppement externe de capacits Capacit dynamique: la capacit stratgique repose sur laptitude apprendre. Processus de cration des connaissances: la capacit stratgique repose sur laptitude apprendre. Socialisation: organiser le partage dexprience entre les individus, ce qui leur permet dacqurir les connaissances tacites sans recourir un systme formel ou une verbalisation. Extriorisation: traduire les connaissances tacites en concepts explicites. Combinaison: rassembler systmatiquement les concepts dans un systme de connaissances, par exemple en reliant des corpus distincts de connaissances explicites. Intriorisation: transformer les connaissances explicites en connaissances tacites et en routines organisationnelles. Chapitre 4 Lintention stratgique [La stratgie dpend en effet de ce que les individus attendent de lorganisation et de leur capacit influencer ses objectifs] Gouvernement dentreprise (Corporate governance) : ensemble des pratiques, des structures et des procdures qui dfinissent le partage du pouvoir, la rpartition des responsabilits et les modes de contrle entre les diffrentes parties prenantes dune organisation. Au niveau gnral on distingue deux grands types de structures de gouvernement dentreprise: Le modle centr sur lactionnaire (Shareholder model) Le modle tendu de multiples parties prenantes (Stakeholder model) Structure de gouvernement: tablit quels intrts lorganisation devrait servir et comment ses objectifs et ses priorits devraient tre choisis. Chane de gouvernement: permet de comprendre quels acteurs sont mme dinfluer les objectifs de lorganisation et sa stratgie Le succs dune stratgie dpend du contexte. Parties prenantes (stakeholders): individus ou les groupes qui dpendent de lorganisation pour atteindre leurs propres buts et dont lorganisation dpend galement. ~ Environnement de march fournisseurs, concurrents, distributeurs, actionnaires ~ Environnement politique et social pouvoirs publics, agences gouvernementales ~ Environnement technologique clients innovateurs, dtenteurs de brevets Cartographie des parties prenantes: identifie les attentes et le pouvoir de chaque groupe dintrt et permet dtablir les priorits politiques. ~ Matrice pouvoir/intrt Pouvoir: dans quelle mesure des individus ou des groupes sont capables de persuader, dinciter ou de forcer les autres modifier leur comportement. ~ Statut mesur par le niveau hirarchique (ou par autres critres, ex. salaire) ~ Niveau de ressources taille du budget ~ Reprsentation des postes de pouvoir au sein de la structure de gouvernance ~ Symboles de pouvoir ex. symboles physiques comme le bureau, assistante personnelle Position thique: dans quelle mesure lorganisation entend excder les obligations minimales qui la lient ses parties prenantes et la socit dans son ensemble. Responsabilit Sociale dEntreprise: de quelle manire une organisation excde ses obligations minimales envers ses diffrentes parties prenantes. Chapitre 5 Culture et stratgie La Drive stratgique est la tendance des stratgies se dvelopper de manire incrmentale partir dinfluences historiques et culturelles, ce qui peut empcher lorganisation de suivre les volutions dun environnement mouvant. Au moins 5 raisons peuvent expliquer ce phnomne * Le manque de recul * La focalisation sur des rponses familires * Les points de blocage * Les relations deviennent des entraves * Linertie de la performance Prendre en compte lhistoire des organisations permet non seulement danticiper le risque de drive stratgique, mais galement daffiner le diagnostique stratgique. Les 4 niveaux de la culture organisationnelle La culture peut tre un moteur ou un frein de la stratgie. Hors, il est difficile de grer ce que lon ne difficilement observer, identifier, et contrler. Le tissu culturel est un outils qui nous permet de mieux comprendre la culture. Le tissu culturel: reprsentation des croyances implicites dune organisation son paradigme et des manifestations physiques de sa culture. Valeurs fondamentales: principes qui guident les actions de lorganisation. Mission: affirmation de lintention fondamentale dune organisation. Objectifs: affirmation des rsultats spcifiques qui doivent tre atteints. Partie II Les choix stratgiques Chapitre 6 Les stratgies par domaine dactivit [Les techniques de segmentation stratgique permettant didentifier les DAS. Comment les DAS peuvent crer la valeur pour leurs clients et obtenir un avantage concurrentiel par rapport leurs concurrents.] Domaine dActivit Stratgique (DAS/SBU) : sous partie de lorganisation laquelle il est possible dallouer ou retirer des ressources de manire indpendante et qui correspond une combinaison spcifique de FCS. Segmentation stratgique : subdiviser lorganisation en DAS. Les tapes des choix stratgiques par domaine dactivit Critres de segmentation externe: chaque DAS correspond une sous partie de lenvironnement concurrentiel, caractrise par une combinaison spcifique de FCS ~ Mme clientle ~ Mme march pertinent (chelle gographique laquelle les produits ou services peuvent tre proposs) ~ Mmes rseaux de distribution ~ Mmes concurrents Critres de segmentation interne: chaque DAS peut se voir attribuer ou retirer des ressources de manire autonome ~ Mme technologies ~ Mmes comptences ~ Synergies ~ Cots partags Un DAS correspond une chane de valeur spcifique. Une des raisons qui contribuent le plus la difficult dune identification incontestable des DAS est lexistence de synergies. Par dfinition, une synergie correspond au partage de certains maillons entre les chaines de valeur de deux DAS distincts, ce nest pas parce que deux DAS ont des points communs quils sont en fait un seul et mme DAS. Deux indicateurs pour valider ceci: * Quelles sont les rpercussions de la segmentation stratgique retenue en termes dallocations de ressources * Lidentification des FCS est-elle cohrente avec la segmentation retenue? Stratgies gnriques (ou concurrentielles): approches qui permettent dtablir un avantage concurrentiel au niveau dun domaine dactivit stratgique Lhorloge stratgique Stratgie de prix : proposition dune offre dont la valeur perue est comparable celle des offres concurrentes, mais un prix infrieur. Stratgie de volume: conqurir des parts de marchs supplmentaires afin de jouer sur les avantages de cots dgags par les conomies dchelle, le pouvoir de ngociation et leffet dexprience. Se concentrer sur les aspects de la chaine de valeur valorises par les clients et sous-traiter Une stratgie de prix permet dobtenir un avantage concurrentiel lorsque o La sensibilit des clients aux prix est importante o Lentreprise possde un avantage de cots difficilement imitable Dfi fondamental: rduire les cots de manire spcifique et durable. Risque de guerre de prix et de faibles marges, ncessit davoir les cots les plus bas. Stratgie de diffrentiation : proposition dune offre dont la valeur perue est diffrente de celle des offres des concurrents ~ Epuration proposition pour un prix rduit dune offre dont la valeur perue est infrieure celle des concurrents / rduction simultane et disymmetrique du prix et de la valeur (sadresse en priorit aux clients dont le principal critre dachat est le prix). Approche suivie par chanes de distribution telles que Lidl, Aldi. Risque de se limiter un segment spcifique. ~ Sophistication proposition dun produit ou service dont la valeur est juge suprieure celle des offres concurrentes. Afin de lgitimer le surprix, la sophistication doit tre perue par la clientle et donc reposer sur des qualits intrinsques indiscutables et sur une image de marque valorisante. Avec surprix surcrot de valeur perue par le client permettant de pratiquer un surprix. Sans surprix surcrot de valeur perue par le client permettant de conqurir des parts de march. ~ Hybride proposer simultanment un surcrot de valeur et une rduction de prix par rapport aux offres concurrentes typiquement le secteur technologique. Stratgie de prix voluant vers la diffrenciation. ~ Stratgie de focalisation (stratgie de niche) : proposition dune offre trs fortement diffrencie qui ne peut attirer quune frange de clientle. ~ Stratgies voues lchec Surcrot de prix/valeur standard marge suprieure si les concurrents ne suivent pas; risque de perte de parts de march Surcrot de prix/baisse de valeur possible uniquement en situation de monopole Baisse de valeur/prix standard perte de parts de march La robustesse de lavantage concurrentiel Verrouillage : consiste pour une organisation imposer au march sa mthodologie ou sa dmarche, jusqu en faire un standard de lindustrie. Les technologies qui accdent au rang de standard ne sont pas ncessairement les meilleures sur le plan technique. Critres ncessaires: ~ Obtention dune part de march dominante ~ Boucle de rtroaction positive ~ Recherche garder lobtention de lavantage concurrentiel de manire agressive Surmonter lavantage des concurrents Limitation Le repositionnement stratgique sur lhorloge stratgique Bloquer un avantage au premier entrant Surmonter les barrires lentre Mouvements stratgiques et construction de barrires Comptition et collaboration La concurrence peut bnficier de la collaboration en vue dobtenir: ~ Pouvoir de vente plus important ~ Pouvoir dachat plus important ~ Meilleures barrires lentre ~ Moindre risque de substitution ~ Entre sur des nouveaux marchs ~ Partage des taches avec les clients ~ Satisfaction des parties prenantes Thorie des jeux: tudie les interdpendances entre les actions dun ensemble des concurrents. Les concurrents sont censs avoir un comportement rationnel Les concurrents sont censs se trouver dans une situation dinterdpendance Stratgie dominante: celle dont la performance est suprieure toutes les autres, quels que soient les choix des concurrents. Stratgie domine: celle qui dbouche sur le gain le plus faible ou sur la perte la plus leve. Equilibre: situation dans laquelle chaque concurrent parvient obtenir le gain le plus lev pour lui-mme, tant donn la rponse dautres. Chapitre 7 8 La stratgie au niveau de lentreprise et la stratgie internationale [Les diffrents choix stratgiques qui soffrent lorganisation au niveau global beaucoup dorganisations incluent de nombreux DAS qui interviennent sur de nombreux marchs.] Direction gnrale : rassemble les responsables situs hirarchiquement au-dessus des domaines dactivit stratgique et qui nont pas dinteraction directe avec les clients et les concurrents. Les enjeux de la stratgie au niveau de lentreprise La stratgie au niveau de lentreprise comprend deux aspects: (a) La nature et la diversit du primtre dactivit (b) La capacit du sige amliorer la performance des DAS Matrice dAnsoff Produits Marchs Existants Nouveaux Existants Pntration de march / Consolidation Nouveaux produits et services Nouveaux Dveloppement de marchs Diversification Consolidation: Consiste dfendre la position dune organisation sur ses marchs actuels en maintenant son offre existante Dveloppement de produits: Consiste proposer une offre nouvelle sur les marchs existants Il implique de nouvelles capacits stratgiques Le risque dchec dans la gestion de projet Dveloppement de marchs: Consiste proposer loffre existante sur de nouveaux marchs Lextension vers de nouveaux segments de marchs (Ex: Universit proposant des cours du soir) Lextension vers de nouveaux usages (Ex: lacier) Lextension gographique Diversification : engagement sur des domaines dactivit o lentreprise nest pas encore prsente, tant en terme doffre que de march. La diversification contribue la performance dans ces situations: 1. accrotre lefficience en utilisant les ressources et comptences existantes de lorganisation sur des nouveaux marchs ou des nouvelles offres Economies de champ 2. appliquer la capacit managriale de lorganisation par de nouveaux marchs ou de nouveaux produits et services 3. disposer dune large gamme de produits/services permet daccrotre le pouvoir dans le march 4. pour rpondre aux volutions de lenvironnement 5. rpartir le risque le long dune plus grande srie dactivits 6. en rponse aux attentes de parties prenantes influentes, en particulier des dirigeants Synergie : situation o 2 DAS ou plus sont complmentaires de telle manire que leur performance combine est suprieure la somme de leurs performances individuelles. Diversification lie : dveloppement vers des nouvelles activits qui prsentent des points communs avec les activits existantes ~ Intgration verticale dveloppement vers des activits adjacentes de la filire, que ce soit vers lamont ou vers laval ~ Intgration horizontale dveloppement vers des activits qui sont concurrentes ou complmentaires par rapport aux activits existantes Lintgration horizontale sappuie sur des synergies et consiste utiliser un ou plusieurs maillons de la chane de valeur existante comme pivots de diversification vers les nouvelles activits. Le pivot peut tre: Commercial Technologique Une comptence Diversification conglomrale : dveloppement dactivits qui ne prsentent aucun point commun avec les activits existantes (ex. GE) La diversification conglomrale est un bonne solution o il est possible dexploiter une logique dominante ou dans des pays o les marchs ne sont pas matures. Les rsultats des intgrations passes ont suggr que les entreprises qui se dveloppent au travers de diversification lies obtiennent une performance suprieure celles qui restent spcialises et celles qui choisissent les diversifications conglomrales. La diversification et la performance Limpact de la DG sur les DAS: Une direction gnrale peut accrotre la performance des DAS de quatre manires diffrentes: ~ La lisibilit de lintention stratgique envers le groupe et les parties prenantes ~ La formation et laccompagnement ~ Mise disposition de services centraux, de ressources, de sa capacit dinvestissement ~ Lintervention, ou le contrle Les trois logiques parentales: 1. Gestionnaire des portefeuilles: direction gnrale qui agit pour le compte des marchs financiers ou des actionnaires, afin daccrotre la performance cre par les diffrents DAS dune manire plus efficiente ou efficace quils ne pourraient le faire eux-mmes. Son rle consiste identifier et acqurir des entreprises ou des actifs sous-valus et leur permettre damliorer leur performance. Le gestionnaire de portefeuille cherche gnralement maintenir les cots du sige un niveau modeste en limitant la taille des services centraux, tout en laissant une forte autonomie aux responsables des DAS. Son rle consiste avant tout fixer des objectifs financiers gnralement sous forme de rentabilit des capitaux valuer le potentiel dventuelles acquisitions et investir en consquence. 2. Gestionnaire des synergies: direction gnrale qui cherche accrotre les performances des DAS du fait de leur rapprochement; ce qui dcoule de plusieurs causes: ~ Certaines activits peuvent tre partages par plusieurs DAS ~ Certaines comptences peuvent tre utilises par plusieurs DAS Les synergies sont difficiles obtenir cause des cots excessifs pour le transfert des comptences et la difficult surmonter les intrts locaux. 3. Dveloppeur: direction gnrale qui cherche utiliser ses propres comptences pour ajouter de la valeur ses DAS. Le problme consiste utiliser des ressources et comptences centrales afin de dvelopper le potentiel des DAS. Les matrices de gestion de portefeuille Les outils tudient trois critres: Lquilibre du portefeuille, c d sa cohrence interne Lattrait des DAS (profit et potentiel de croissance) Le degr de compatibilit entre les DAS La matrice BCG: positionne chacun des DAS selon leur part de march relative et le taux de croissance de leur march La matrice BCG nest pertinente que dans les industries o leffet dexprience est important. lanalyse doit tre applique des DAS. Etoile: domaine dactivit leader sur un march en croissance. Particulirement attractives mais avec une rivalit trs extrmement pre et des investissements ncessaires importants. Dilemme: domaine dactivit suiveur sur un march en croissance. Ils prsentent des potentiel rel, mais ils peuvent consommer des ressources considrables et dgager de faibles marges. Vache lait: domaine dactivit leader sur un march mature. La concurrence est moins vive et une partie de march leve permet de bnficier dune forte exprience. Poids mort: domaine dactivit suiveur sur un march statique ou en dclin. Trs peu de chances damliorer sa position. Equilibre de portefeuille: il convient de possder suffisamment des vaches lait pour financier les dilemmes qui deviendront des toiles et les toiles deviendront leur tour des vaches lait. Cependant la matrice BCG comporte quatre dfauts majeurs: 1) Limprcision des termes. (Ex: croissance leve) 2) Lhypothse de lautofinancement 3) Lhypothse de leffet dexprience (il ny en a pas toujours beaucoup) 4) La simplification excessive La matrice attraits/atouts (matrice McKinsey): positionne chacun des DAS selon (a) lattrait de leur march (PESTEL, forces de Porter) (b) les atouts concurrentiels de lorganisation sur ce march (Canevas stratgique, cartographie des activits, analyse de la chaine de valeur) Cette matrice est une forme de SWOT dans lequel les attraits correspondent aux FCS de lenvironnement et les atouts reprsentent la capacit stratgique de chacun des DAS. Indicateur des atouts de lentreprise par rapport aux concurrents: ~ Part de march ~ Force de vente ~ Marketing et RD ~ Production ~ Distribution ~ Ressources financires ~ Comptences managriales ~ Position concurrentielle (image, largeur de gamme, qualit, fiabilit, service aprs-vente) Indicateur des attraits du march: ~ Taille du march ~ Taux de croissance du march ~ Saisonnalit ~ Structure de la concurrence ~ Barrires lentre ~ Profitabilit ~ Technologies et rglementation La matrice Ashridge: pour dterminer quel doit tre le rle de la direction gnrale ou de la maison mre et quel portefeuille dactivits ou de filiales lui conviendra le mieux. Coeurs: activits que la direction gnrale peut valoriser sans risque elles doivent tre au centre de la stratgie future. Mirages: activits que la direction gnral comprend bien mais elle na pas la capacit daider. Gouffres: sont activits dangereuses, elle semblent attrayantes car la direction gnrale ou la maison mre peuvent en thorie amliorer leur performance elles ne doivent tre inclues dans la stratgie future qu la condition quon puisse les faire voluer en activits curs. Intrus: activits clairement inadaptes elles ne sont pas cohrentes avec les capacits de la direction gnrale, qui est de surcrot incapable damliorer leur performance. Les moteurs de linternationalisation: les raisons qui poussent les organisations sinternationaliser (surtout des causes lies lvolution des marchs) ~ Globalisation des marchs et de la concurrence ~ Les fournisseurs ont tendance suivre leurs clients lorsque ceux-ci sinternationalisent ~ En tendent sa couverture gographique, une entreprise peut galement dpasser les limites de son march local ~ Les diffrences entre les pays et zones gographiques peuvent galement receler des opportunits (ex. exploitation des diffrences culturelles et de rglementation) ~ Elargir le march pour mieux exploiter leurs capacits stratgiques ~ Enrichissement des connaissances en semplantant sur des marchs stratgiquement importants ~ Economies dchelle et quilibre du chiffre daffaires entre les marchs Stratgies globales Le potentiel dinternationalisation dune activit est dtermin par quatre facteurs: ~ Convergence des marchs mmes besoins des clients, clients globaux, mktg transfrable ~ Avantage des cots conomies dchelle, avantage de localisation, achats centraliss ~ Concurrence globale interdpendance, concurrents globaux, changes levs ~ Influence des Etats politique commerciale, accueil investisseurs trangers Les sources davantage nationales et internationales La localisation des activits est une source majeure davantage concurrentiel et lune des caractristiques distinctives de linternationalisation par rapport aux autres stratgies de diversification. Deux types dopportunits sont possibles: Lexploitation davantages nationaux particuliers Les avantages lis la mise en place dune filire internationale Le diamant de Porter : il existe des raisons intrinsques au fait que certaines nations ou certaines industries au sein dun mme nation sont plus comptitives que dautres Conditions spcifiques- Ex: Les sources dnergies, des facteurs de production particuliers Stratgie des entreprises, structure de la concurrence Ex: Allemagne, rservoir dexpertise dans la recherche technique. Demande locale Ex: Lexigence des consommateurs Japonais en matire dquipements lectronique. Stimulation mutuelle entre industries Ex: Silicon Valley Cependant , les sources davantage ne sont pas seulement nationales. Certaines organisations obtiennent un avantage concurrentiel grce la configuration internationale de leur filire. Prospection globale (global sourcing): acheter les services et les composants auprs des fournisseurs les plus appropris lchelle mondiale, quelle soit leur localisation. Avantages: conomie de cots, existence de capacits uniques, possibilit de dveloppement des offres diffrencies. Linternationalisation progressive: utilisation initiale des modalits dimplantation qui leur permettent la fois de maximiser leur acquisition de connaissances et de minimiser lexposition de leurs actifs. Dilemme global-local: arbitrage entre la standardisation internationale des offres ou leur adaptation aux spcificits locales. Stratgie multinationale: implantation des activits de lorganisation dans des zones gographiques distinctes et ladaptation de loffre aux spcificits locales. Stratgie globale: proposition sur lensemble de sa zone de couverture doffres standardises, conues et fabriques dans quelques implantations centrales. Dans la pratique, les organisations ne correspondent que trs rarement la dfinition pure dune stratgie multinationale ou globale: chacune cherche trouver son propre quilibre. Le choix dun march pour une stratgie dinternationalisation doit tre fond sur son attractivit, sur les diffrentes mesures de la distance qui le spare du pays dorigine et sur la probabilit de riposte des concurrents tablis. Caractristiques de march PESTEL CAGE: la distance importe toujours o La distance Culturelle o La distance Administrative et politique o La distance Gographique o La distance Economique Caractristiques concurrentielles Lvaluation de lattractivit relative des marchs au moyen de PESTEL et CAGE nest que la premire tape. Il convient ensuite danalyser la concurrence: forces de Porter et la thorie des jeux. Attractivit pour lattaquant Ractivit du dfenseur Poids relatif du dfenseur Rle des filiales dans un portefeuille international Leaders stratgiques: filiales qui dtiennent des ressources et comptences de haut niveau et qui sont implantes sur des marchs stratgiques. Contributeurs: filiales qui possdent de bonnes ressources et comptences, mais qui sont localises dans des zones de moindre importance stratgique. Excutants: filiales qui peuvent gnrer des ressources financires ncessaires lensemble du groupe. Trous noirs: leur existence est problmatique, mais cest pourtant la situation quon connu bien des filiales de groupes amricaines et europens au Japon Chapitre 9 Linnovation et lentrepreneuriat Linnovation soulve trois dilemmes fondamentaux: Vaut-il mieux proposer des technologies ou rpondre au march? Se focaliser sur les innovations de produit ou les innovations de procd? Se concentrer sur linnovation technologique ou sur llaboration de nouveaux modles conomiques? Innovation pousse par la technologie ou tire par le march? Technology push: Les scientifiques et les ingnieurs mettent au point des innovations dans leurs laboratoires de RD, puis ces innovations sont transformes en nouveaux produits, services, ou procds. Market pull: Les utilisateurs pilotes (lead users), du fait de leurs comptences ou des contraintes spcifiques, dveloppent un usage imprvu et original des technologies mises leur disposition (linnovation ici se distingue de linvention car elle fait intervenir des utilisateurs). Innovation = Invention + diffusion Innovation de produit ou innovation de procd? Taux dinnovation en fonction du temps La diffusion de linnovation Afin de rembourser les cots de recherche et de dveloppement, il est important quune innovation soit rapidement et largement adopte. Les managers peuvent influencer cette vitesse en sappuyant sur la courbe de diffusion et agissant ainsi sur loffre et la demande Offre: o Le degr damlioration de la performance par rapport loffre existante o La compatibilit avec dautres lments de loffre o La complexit doit rester limite o Lexprimentation c d la possibilit de tester loffre avant de lacheter Demande: o La communication o La base installe permet denclencher un cercle vertueux o Le comportement des consommateurs pionniers influence celui des retardataires La courbe de diffusion Le point de bascule Lanticipation du plateau Lampleur de la diffusion Le point deffondrement Premier entrant ou second gagnant? La capacit capturer du profit: Une entreprise ne doit pas se comporter en premier entrant si la probabilit dimitation est leve Les actifs complmentaires: Les organisations qui souhaient rester indpendantes et exploiter elles-mmes leurs innovations ont peu dintrt se comporter en premiers entrants si elles ne disposent pas des actifs complmentaires ncssaires. Un environnement turbulent Chapitre 10 Orientations et modalits de dveloppement [Le dveloppement stratgique peut suivre une srie doptions spcifiques concernant la fois ses orientations et ses modalits.] Orientations de dveloppement : options stratgiques que peut suivre une organisation en termes de nouveaux produits et de nouveaux marchs, selon sa capacit stratgique et les attentes de ses parties prenantes. Confortement de la position actuelle ~ Consolidation protger et renforcer la position dune organisation sur ses marchs actuels partir de ses produits existants (ex. retrait ou restructuration de certaines activits) ~ Pntration de march accrotre la part de march dtenue par lorganisation (taux de croissance de march, niveau ou nature des ressource ncessaires et parfois larrogance des leaders vis--vis des suiveurs Dveloppement de produits : proposer une offre nouvelle sur les march existants le dveloppement de produits peut ncessiter le dveloppement de nouvelles capacits. Dveloppement de marchs : proposer loffre existante sur de nouveaux marchs. Diversification : consiste pour une entreprise sengager sur des domaines dactivit dans lesquels elle nest pas encore prsente, tant en terme doffre que de marchs. Modalits de dveloppement 1. Croissance interne: dvelopper les stratgies partir des ressources et comptences de lorganisation fort contenu technologique, nouvelles zones gographiques, environnement concurrentiel favorable. 2. Croissance externe ~ Fusions ~ Acquisitions: conduire le dveloppement stratgique par labsorption dune autre organisation (linternationalisation de beaucoup dindustrie a repos principalement sur des acquisitions, notamment la presse et les mdias, lalimentaire et les tlcoms) Motivations: croissance trs vite, raisons financires, attentes des parties prenantes qui veulent une croissance continue. 70% des Fusac se traduisent dans une perte de valeur pour les actionnaires des 2 organisations. Condition de succs des Fusac: lacqureur peut se rvler incapable damliorer la performance de ses cibles (il convient prendre des dcisions claires au niveau de la directions gnrale) et parfois lincapacit intgrer la cible dans les activit de son acqureur peut faire que les synergies espres ne sont pas obtenues. 3. Collaboration: situation dans laquelle 2 organisations ou plus partagent ressources et activits afin de poursuivre une stratgie ~ Alliance: collaboration entre 2 organisations concurrentes i. Alliance complmentaire: 2 ou plusieurs concurrents dcident de collaborer afin de bnficier de leurs ressources et comptences respectives ii. Alliance supplmentaire: consiste cumuler les forces de plusieurs organisations de manire atteindre une visibilit et une crdibilit permettant de renforcer les chances de succs dun projet ~ Partenariat: collaboration entre des organisations qui ne sont pas concurrentes i. Partenariat dimpartition: collaboration entre organisations qui entretiennent des relations de client/fournisseur (le fournisseur sassure un dbouch commerciale et le client peut obtenir une offre adapte ses besoins) ii. Partenariat symbiotique: collaborations entre des organisations qui non seulement ne sont pas concurrentes mais qui de plus en plus entretiennent des relations client/fournisseur. Formes dalliances et partenariats: ~ Coentreprises (Joint Ventures): les organisations restent indpendantes mais possdent conjointement une structure juridique cre pour la circonstance notamment cest la solution prfre pour les collaborations entre les entreprise occidentales et leurs homologues chinoises ~ Rseaux: 2 ou plus organisations collaborent de manire informelle, grce la confiance rciproque et la conviction partage de leur intrt commun ~ Franchise: concentration sur certaines activits comme la production, la distribution ou la vente alors que le franchiseur est responsable de la publicit, du marketing et de la formation (ex. McDonald) ~ Coproduction, licence, sous-traitance Facteurs influenant les formes dalliances et partenariats: ~ Vitesse dvolution du march ~ Capacit grer les ressources ~ Attentes des parties prenantes Conditions de succs des alliances et partenariats: ~ Ambition stratgique claire et une implication des dirigeants ~ Compatibilit au niveau oprationnel ~ Dfinition et obtention dun certain niveau de performance ~ Structures de gouvernement et arrangements organisationnels explicites Critres de russite dune stratgie : permettent dvaluer la probabilit de succs dune option stratgique 1. pertinence cohrence dune stratgie avec la situation dans laquelle lorganisation volue (dsigne ladquation entre une stratgie et les conclusions du diagnostic stratgique de lorganisation) Outil Permet de comprendre PESTEL Opportunits de croissance, risque de dclin, volution de la structure de lindustrie Scnarios Niveau dincertitude et de risque 5(+1) forces Forces concurrentielles Groupes strat Attractivit de certains groupes Barrires la mobilit Crneaux stratgiques Comptences fondamentales Niveaux seuil de performance Fondements de lavantage concurrentiel Chaine de valeur Opportunits dintgration verticale ou dexternalisation Cartographie des parties prenantes Acceptabilit des stratgies Pouvoir et intrt Tissu culturel Acceptabilit effective Impact sur la faisabilit Outil pour valuer la pertinence: La matrice TOWS : construite partir du modle SWOT, permet de rsumer le diagnostic stratgique identification des options stratgiques et valuation de leur pertinence. 2. acceptabilit performance attendue dune stratgie et sa cohrence avec les attentes des parties prenantes (dsigne la performance attendue dune stratgie qui peut tre value selon 3 dimensions: gains, risques et ractions des parties prenantes) a. gains: bnfices que les parties prenantes peuvent esprer retirer dune stratgie. Lvaluation des gains financiers et non constitue une mesure essentielle de son acceptabilit, du moins du point de vue de certaines parties prenantes. analyse de la rentabilit, dlai de retour de linvestissement, VAN, analyse cots/bnfices, valeur actionnariale b. risque: dsigne la probabilit et les consquences de lchec dune stratgie ratio financiers, analyse de sensibilit c. ractions des parties prenantes 3. faisabilit capacit dune stratgie tre effectivement dploye (dterminer si lorganisation possde les ressources et comptences ncessaires au dploiement dune stratgie) Partie III Chapitre 11 Les processus stratgiques La stratgie dlibre: est lexpression de lorientation intentionnellement formule par les managers. Cest le rsultat de la planification stratgique La planification stratgique consiste laborer et coordonner la stratgie dune organisation grce des procdures systmatises, ordonnes et squentielles. La stratgie mergente: rsulte des routines, des processus et des activits quotidiennes de lorganisation Lincrmentalisme logique est llaboration dune stratgie au travers dexprimentations et dengagements ponctuels. Elle fait le lien entre le dlibr et lmergent et cest une pratique consciente, dlibre, et proactive. Les routines dallocation de ressources (RAR): La stratgie merge partir de la manire dont les ressources sont alloues dans lorganisation (Ex: favoriser les activits les plus rentables). Les processus politiques: La stratgie rsulte de processus de marchandage et de ngociation entre des groupes dintrt internes et externes lorganisation Les lments implicites de la culture organisationnelle peuvent pousser privilgier certaines stratgies. Les Perceptions individuelles: Diffrents individus risquent de percevoir les processus dlaboration de la stratgie de manire distincte (Ex: les dirigeants ont tendance dcrire la stratgie en termes rationnels, alors que les oprationnels les considrent plutt comme le rsultat de processus culturels et politiques). Chapitre 12 Stratgie et organisation Configuration : combinaison des structures, des processus et des interactions dune organisation. Structure fonctionnelle : construite partir des fonctions essentielles lactivit, telles que production, finance, mktg, rh et systmes dinformation. Avantages: ~ le DG est en contact avec toutes les oprations ~ mcanismes de contrle simples et peu nombreux ~ dfinition claire des responsabilits ~ prsence de spcialistes tous les niveaux de management Inconvnients: ~ dirigeants accapars par des problmes routiniers ~ dirigeants ngligeant les problmes stratgiques ~ difficult grer la diversit ~ manque de coordination entre fonctions et incapacit sadapter Structure divisionnelle : compose de divisions par produits, clients ou zones gographiques. Rsulte souvent pour surmonter les problmes que rencontrent les structures fonctionnelles lorsquelles sont confrontes la diversification de leur activit Avantages: ~ facilite lajout ou le retrait dactivits ~ facilite la mesure de la performance ~ appropriation de la stratgie ~ spcialisation des comptences ~ bon apprentissage pour les managers Inconvnients: ~ cot du sige ~ fragmentation et absence de collaboration ~ conflits entre les divisions pour le partage des ressources Structure en holding : socit dinvestissement qui dtient une part du capital des diverses entreprises (qui oprent indpendentement et conservent le plus souvent leur nom dorigine). Structure matricielle : rsulte du croisement de divisions produits et de division gographiques ou dune structure fonctionnelle avec une structure divisionnelle. Avantages: ~ intgration des connaissances ~ flexibilit ~ possibilit de combiner plusieurs perspectives Inconvnients: ~ lenteur des dcisions ~ manque de clart dans les responsabilits et le partage des taches ~ difficult de contrle des cots et des profits ~ nombreux conflits potentiels ~ dilution des priorits Structure transnationale : conjugue la ractivit locale avec la coordination globale (divisions globales par produits et une stratgie internationale qui dappuie sur des filiales locales par march). Structure par quipe : combine la coordination verticale et horizontale en constituant des quipes plurifonctionnelles (ex. Think, Run, Build). Structure par projet : structure par quipe temporaire, ddie un projet et dissoute une fois que celui-ci est achev. Dans la ralit peu dorganisations fonctionnent intgralement comme lun des types structurels: on rencontre plutt des hybrides. Il y a plusieurs tests pour vrifier quelle est la structure la plus adapte: ~ test de march ~ test de logique du groupe ~ test de ressources humaines ~ test de faisabilit Supervision directe : correspond au contrle direct de lallocation des ressources par un ou plusieurs individus. Planification : dploiement des stratgies au travers de systmes formels qui spcifient lallocation des ressources et vrifient leur utilisation (ex. standardisation des procds ou des rsultats, ERP). Processus dautocontrle : ralisent lintgration des connaissances et la coordination des activits par linteraction directe entre les individus sans quil soit ncessaire de les superviser. Processus culturels : reposent sur la culture organisationnelle et la standardisation des normes. Objectifs de performance : concernent les rsultats dune organisation, comme la qualit, le prix et le profit. Tableau de bord prospectif (balanced scorecard) : combine des indicateurs qualitatifs et quantitatifs, prend en compte les attentes des diffrentes parties prenantes et situe lvaluation de la performance dans la perspective de la stratgie choisie. Mcanisme de march : implique un systme formalise de contractualisation pour lobtention des ressources. Les interactions internes arbitrage entre la centralisation et lautonomie. Styles stratgiques : ~ Planification stratgique le centre de lorganisation dfinit et impose des rles prcis chacune des divisions; ~ Contrle financier le rle du centre est limit la dfinition des objectifs financiers, lallocation en capital, lvolution des performances et la correction des ventuelles insuffisances; ~ Contrle stratgique le centre ne conoit pas la stratgie en spcifiant les taches des divisions, mais en faonnant les comportements des managers et en modelant le contexte dans lequel ils interviennent. Les interactions externes: relations externes avec clients, fournisseurs, sous-traitants ou partenaires externalisation, alliances stratgiques, rseaux et organisations virtuelles). Organisations virtuelles: cordonne au long dune mme chane de valeur plusieurs organisations capitalistiquement indpendantes grce la confiance, la possession de ressources cls et aux technologies de linformation. Le cycle de renforcement: rsulte de linteraction dynamique entre lenvironnement, les configurations organisationnelles et la stratgie. Les dilemmes organisationnels Chapitre 13 Les leviers stratgiques Il est ncessaire de bien comprendre les liens entre le management des ressources et le succs stratgique. La gestion des leviers stratgiques concerne les interactions rciproques entre la stratgie de lorganisation et des domaines de ressources tels que les ressources humaines, linformation, les ressources financires ou la technologie. Les ressources humaines o Les individus en tant que ressource Comptences personnelles et organisationnelles Gestion de la performance o Le comportement des individus Individuels Collectifs o La ncessit dorganiser les ressources humaines Fonction RH Responsables hirarchiques Structures et processus) Le management de linformation o Linformation et la capacit stratgique Amlioration de loffre Performance concurrentielle Rsistance limitation Stratgie concurrentielle o Linformation et les nouveaux modles conomiques (traitement lectronique) Les ressources financires o La cration de valeur actionnariale o Les techniques de financement o Les attentes des parties prenantes La technologie o Limpact de la technologie sur la dynamique concurrentielle o La technologie et la capacit stratgique o La technologie et lorganisation Chapitre 14 Grer le changement stratgique Il est ncessaire dvaluer lampleur et le type de changement ncessaire, le contexte dans lequel il doit tre conduit, les blocages qui peuvent sy opposer et les forces susceptibles de le faciliter. Les types de changements Ampleur du changement Ralignement Transformation Nature du changement Incrmentale Adaptation Evolution Radicale Reconstruction Rvolution Ladaptation est un changement qui peut tre obtenu de manire incrmentale sans modifier la culture. Cest la forme de changement la plus courante. La reconstruction est en gnral un changement rapide, qui peut provoquer de rels bouleversements dans lorganisation, sans pour autant ncessiter une volution fondamentale de la culture La rvolution est un type de changement qui implique une transformation rapide et radicale de la culture Lvolution ncessite un changement de culture, mais de manire progressive Une analyse du tissu culturel ou du champ de forces peuvent identifier les facteurs susceptibles de bloquer ou de favoriser le changement. Le champ de forces identifie les forces qui facilitent le changement et celles qui lentravent. Les rles dans la conduite du changement Le rformateur: Lindividu qui conduit effectivement le processus de changement Le Leadership: La capacit amener une organisation atteindre certains objectifs communs Les managers intermdiaires Les styles de conduite du changement Lducation: repose sur lexplication des raisons du changement et des moyens mis en uvre La collaboration / participation: consiste impliquer tous ceux qui seront affects par le changement dans lidentification des problmes stratgiques, la dfinition des priorits, la prise de dcisions et la planification Lintervention: implique la coordination du processus de changement par une autorit qui dlgue en grande partie la mise en uvre La direction: suppose le recours lautorit personnelle dun responsable charg de dfinir clairement lorientation de la stratgie et la manire de la dployer La coercition: correspond un changement impos par lautorit hirarchique formell 41